Pomi

Principles of Measurement (International) For Works of Construction JUNE 1979 Published by RICS Business Services Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, under the RICS Books imprint, Surveyor Court Westwood Business Park Coventry, CV4 8JE UK No responsibility for loss occasioned to any person acting or refraining from action as a result of any material included in this publication can be accepted by the authors, publisher or The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. The views expressed and the conclusions drawn in this book are those of the authors. ISBN 0 85406 108 8 First Edition 1979 Reprinted 1988, 1991, 1994, 2001, 2002 and 2004  © RICS 1988. Copyright in all or part of this publication rests with the RICS, and save by prior consent of the RICS, no part or parts of this publication shall be reproduced in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, now known or to be devised. Printed by Q3 Print, Loughborough Foreword The use of bills of quantities is a well-established means of enabling the financial control and management of building works. The key to the success of the use of bills of quantities is a clear understanding by all parties to the contract of what is included, or excluded, in the measurement. It is this that gives rise to the requirement for clearly defined standard methods of measurement. Since these principles of measurement were first issued in 1979, many countries have developed their own more detailed standard methods. A recent survey of its international membership carried out for the RICS Construction Faculty by the Building Cost Information Service (BCIS) identified that 14 of the 32 responding countries had their own method of measurement. However, the Principles of Measurement (International) (POMI) were still being used in about half of the countries and are still widely used on international contracts. There has been a trend in the UK and elsewhere to move away from measurement-based procurement, passing the responsibility for measuring the building work down the supply chain to the contractor or sub-contractor. However, research commissioned by the Construction Faculty showed that where bills of quantities were not provided as part of the procurement process, 95% of contractors would undertake their own measurement, with the majority of this carried out in accordance with the current Standard Method of Measurement (SMM). There is no doubt that the proliferation of procurement practices will continue. However, in circumstances in which there is a degree of design certainty before the contractor is appointed, measurement-based procurement will still be appropriate. Furthermore, where design decisions are being passed down the supply chain, measurement should be undertaken at the level at which the design is carried out, in order to remove the need for duplication. It is in the interests of the industry as a whole, including its clients, that measurement is carried out consistently. There is therefore a continued need for standard methods of measurement and, by implication, a continued need for measurement skills. These principles require a detailed specification and tender drawings to be provided. RICS recognises that circumstances vary from country to country, and from contract to contract, and that the principles therefore need to be flexible in order to accommodate variations in practice and techniques. Any comments on the principles should be sent to the RICS Construction Faculty, at 12 Great George Street, Parliament Square, London, SW1P 3AD. The principles are also available in French, German and Arabic. RICS is grateful to the original authors: Michael Rainbird, Alan Charter, James Diebel, Derek Lawrence and Michael Pagulatos. Simon Cash Chairman RICS Construction Faculty December 2003 Contents SECTION GP – GENERAL PRINCIPLES GP1 Principles of measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 GP2 Bills of quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 GP3 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 GP4 Items to be fully inclusive GP5 Description of items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/2 GP6 Work to be executed by a specialist nominated by the employer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 GP7 Goods, materials or services to be pr ovided by a merchant or tradesman nominated by the employer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 GP8 Work to be executed by a government or public authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 GP9 Dayworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/3 GPI0 Contingencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 SECTION A – GENERAL REQUIREMENTS A1 Conditions of contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 A2 Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 A3 Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 A4 Contractor's administrative arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 A5 Constructional plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 A6 Employer's facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 A7 Contractor's facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 A8 Temporary works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 A9 Sundry items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 SECTION B – SITE WORK B1 Site exploration generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 B2 Trial holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 B3 Boreholes (including pumping test wells) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 B4 Site preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 B5 Demolitions and alterations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 B6 Shoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 B7 Underpinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 B8 Earthworks generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 B9 Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 B10 Dredging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 B11 Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 B12 Filling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 B13 Piling generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 B14 Driven piling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 B15 Bored piling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 B16 Sheet piling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 B17 Performance designed piling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 B18 Testing piling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 B19 Underground drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 B20 Paving and surfacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 B21 Fencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 B22 Landscaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 B23 Railway work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 B24 Tunnel excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 B25 Tunnel linings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 B26 Tunnel support and stabilisat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 SECTION C – CONCRETE WORK C1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 C2 Poured concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 C3 Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 C4 Shuttering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 C5 Precast concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 C6 Prestressed concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 C7 Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10/11 SECTION D – MASONRY D1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 D2 Walls and piers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 D3 Sills, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 04 Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 D5 Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 SE:CTION E – METALWORK E1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 E2 Structural metalwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11/12 E3 Non structural metalwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 SECTION F – WOODWORK F1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 F2 Structural timbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 F3 Boarding and flooring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 F4 Grounds and battens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Finishings and fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12/13 Composlte items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Sundry items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Metalwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Ironmongery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 SECTION G – THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROTECTION G1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 G2 Coverings and linings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 G3 Damp-proof courses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 G4 Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 SECTION H – DOORS AND WINDOWS H1 Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 H2 Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 H3 Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 H4 Ironmongery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 H5 Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 H6 Patent glazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 SECTION J – FINISHES J1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 J2 Backgrounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 J3 Finishings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 J4 Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 J5 Suspended ceilings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 J6 Decorations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 J7 Signwriting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 SECTION K – ACCESSORIES K1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 K2 Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 SECTION L – EQUIPMENT L1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 SECTION M – FURNISHINGS M1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 M2 Curtain track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 SECTION N – SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION N1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 N2 Enclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 N3 Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 SECTION P – CONVEYING SYSTEMS P1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 P2 Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 P3 Work incidental to conveying systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 SECTION Q – MECHANICAL ENGINEERING INSTALLATIONS Q1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Q2 Pipework and gutterwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Q3 Ductwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Q4 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Q5 Automatic controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Q6 Connections to supply mains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Q7 Insulation, including linings and protective coverings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Q8 Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Q9 Work incidental to mechanical engineering installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 SECTI ON R – ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTALLATIONS R1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 R2 Main circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 R3 Sub-main circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 R4 Final sub-circuits and auxiliary installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 R5 Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 R6 Control gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 R7 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 R8 Connections to supply mains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 R9 Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 R10 Work incidental to electrical engineering installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 APPENDIX Amendments to principles of measurement †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 SECTION GP – GENERAL PRINCIPLES GP1 Principles of measurement GP1. 1 Principles of measurement These principles of measurement provide a uniform basis for measuring bills of quantities for works of construction. More detailed information than is required by this document may measurement be given to define the precise nature of work or the circumstances under which it is to be carried out. Amendments to these principles of measurement for use in a particular locality or adopted for work not envisaged by this document shall be stated; an appendix is provided for such amendments to be recorded. These principles of measurement may be applied equally to the measurement of proposed works and of completed works. Bills of quantities The objects of bills of quantities are: 1. To assist in the accurate preparation of tenders, by providing for measurement of quantities on a uniform basis 2. To provide a basis for the financial control of a project, in accordance with the conditions of contract. Bills of quantities shall describe and represent the works to be carried out; work which cannot be measured accurately shall be described as approximate or given in bills of approximate quantities. Conditions of contract, drawings and specifications shall be provided with the bills of quantities. The section headings and classifications do not impose restrictions upon the format and presentation of bills of quantities. Measurement Work shall be measured net as fixed in position and each measurement shall be taken to the nearest 10 millimetres; this principle shall not apply to dimensions stated in descriptions. Unless otherwise stated, no deduction shall be made from items required to be measured by area for voids of less than 1. 00 m2. Minimum deductions of voids shall refer only to voids within the edges of measured areas; voids which are at the edges of measured areas shall always be deducted, irrespective of size. These principles of measurement may be used with other units of measurement but the particular amendments shall be stated. Notwithstanding these principles of measurement, a separate minor building or structure may be enumerated. Items to be fully inclusive Unless otherwise stated, all items shall be fully inclusive of all that is necessary to fulfill the Items to be fully liabilities and obligations arising out of the contract and shall include: 1. Labour and all associated costs 2. Materials, goods and all associated costs 3. Provision of plant 4. Temporary works 5. Establishment charges, overheads and profit. Description of items Items which are required to be enumerated. or for which an item is required, shall be fully described. Items which are to be measured by length or depth shall state the cross-sectional size and shape, girth or ranges of girths or such other information as may be appropriate; for items of pipework it shall be stated whether the diameter is internal or external. Items which are to be measured bv area shall state the thickness or such other information as may be appropriate. Items which are to be measured by weight shall state the material thickness and unit weight if appropriate (for example, ductwork). GP1. 2 GP1. 3 GP2 Bills of quantities GP2. 1 GP2. 2 GP2. 3 GP2. 4 GP3 Measurement GP3. 1 GP3. 2 GP3. 3 GP3. 4 GP3. 5 GP4 Items to be fully inclusive GP4. 1 GP5 Description of items GP5. 1 GP5. 2 GP5. 3 GP5. 4 1 GP5. 5 Notwithstanding these principles of measurement, proprietary items may be measured in a manner appropriate to the manufacturer's tariff or customary practice. The description of items in bills of quantities may refer to other documents or drawings and any reference to such information shall be understood to fulfill any requirement of these principles of measurement; alternatively, reference may be made to published information. Work to be executed by a specialist nominated by the employer Unless otherwise required by the conditions of contract, work which is required to be executed by a specialist nominated by the employer shall be given as a sum; such sum shall be exclusive of contractor's profit and in each case an item shall be given for the addition of profit. An item shall be given in each case for assistance by the contractor, which shall include: 1. Use of contractor's administrative arrangements 2. Use of constructional plant 3. Use of contractor's facilities 4. Use of temporary works 5. Space for specialist's offices and stores 6. Clearing away rubbish 7. Scaffolding required by the specialist, giving particulars 8. Unloading, distributing, hoisting and placing in position items of plant, machinery or the like, giving particulars. Goods, materials or services to be provided by a merchant or tradesman nominated by the employer Unless otherwise required by the conditions of contract, goods, materials or services which are required to be provided by a merchant or tradesman nominated by the employer shall be given as a sum; such sum shall be exclusive of contractor's profit and in each case an item shall be given for the addition of profit. Fixing goods and materials shall be given in accordance with the relevant clauses in these principles of measurement; fixing shall be understood to include unloading, storing, distributing and hoisting the, goods and materials. Particulars shall be given of any requirements for the contractor to arrange for delivery or pay any costs of conveying goods or materials. Work to be executed by a government or public authority Unless otherwise required by the conditions of contract, work which may only be carried out or by a government or public authority shall be given as a sum; such sum shall be exclusive of contractor's profit and in each case an item shall be given for the addition of profit. An item shall be given in each case for assistance by the contractor as described in clause GP6. . Dayworks The cost of labour in dayworks shall be given as a sum; alternatively, a schedule of the different categories of labour may be given containing a provisional quantity of hours for each category. The cost of labour included in a sum or schedule shall include wages, bonuses and all allowances paid to operatives directly engaged on dayworks (including those operating mechanical plant and transport) in accordance with t he appropriate employment agreement or, where no such agreement exists, the actual payments made to the work people concerned. The cost of materials in dayworks shall be given as a sum; alternatively, 3 schedule may be given containing a provisional quantity of different materials. The cost of materials included in a sum or schedule shall be the net invoiced price, including delivery to site. The cost of constructional plant employed exclusively in dayworks shall be given as a sum; alternatively, a schedule of the different categories of plant may be given containing a provisional quantity of hours, or such other period of time as may be appropriate, for each category. The cost of constructional plant included in a sum or schedule shall include fuel, consumable stores, repairs, maintenance and insurance of plant. An item shall be given for the addition of establishment charges. overheads and profit to each of the sums or schedules of labour, materials or plant. Description of items (continued) GPS. 6 GP6 GP6. 1 Work to be executed by a specialist nominated by the employer GP6. 2 GP7 GP7. 1 GP7. 2 Goods, materials or services to be provided by a merchant or tradesman nominated by the employer GP8 GP8. 1 Work to be executed by a government or public authority GP8. 2 GP9 GP9. 1 Dayworks GP9. 2 GP9. 3 GP9. 4 GP9. 5 GP9. 6 GP9. 7 2 Dayworks (continued) GP9. 8 Establishment charges, overheads and profit shall include: 1. Costs related to the employment of labour 2. Costs related to the storage of materials, including handling and waste in storage 3. Contractor's administrative arrangements 4. Constructional plant, except plant employed exclusively on dayworks 5. Contractor's facilities 6. Temporary works 7. Sundry items. Contingencies GP10 GP 10. 1 Unless otherwise required by the conditions of contract, contingencies shall be given as a sum; no item shall be given for the addition of profit. SECTION A – GENERAL REQUIREMENTS A1 Conditions of contract A1. 1 A1. 2 Conditions of contract A schedule of the clause headings shall be set out in the bills of quantities. Where there is an appendix to the conditions of contract requiring insertions to be made, a schedule of the insertions shall be set out in the bills of quantities. Specification Where the specification contains clauses related to any of the following General Requirements, the bills of quantities shall make reference to the appropriate clauses. Restrictions Particulars shall be given of any restrictions, which shall include: 1. Access to and possession or use of the site 2. Limitations of working space 3. Limitations of working hours 4. The maintenance of existing services on, under or over the site 5. The execution or completion of the work in any specific order, sections or phases 6. Items of a like nature. Contractor's administrative arrangements An item shall be given for contractor's administrative arrangements, which shall include: 1. Site administration 2. Supervision 3. Security 4. Safety, health and welfare of workpeople 5. Transport of workpeople. Constructional plant An item shall be given for constructional plant, which shall include: 1. Small plant and tools 2. Scaffolding 3. Cranes and lifting plant 4. Site transport 5. Plant required for specific trades. Employer's facilities Particulars shall be given of any facilities required for the employer or the employer's representatives, which shall include: 1. Temporary accommodation (for example, offices, laboratories, living accommodation), including heating, cooling, lighting, furnishing, attendance or related facilities 2. Telephones, including costs of calls; alternatively, the cost of calls may be given as a sum 3. Vehicles 4. Attendance of staff (for example, drivers, laboratory assistants) 5. Equipment (for example, surveyor laboratory equipment) 6. Special requirements for programmes or progress charts 7. Any other facilities (for example, progress photographs, signboards). A2 Specification A2. 1 A3 Restrictions A3. 1 A4 Contractor's administrative arrangements A4. l A5 Constructional plant A5. 1 A6 Employer's facilities A6. 1 3 A7 A 7. 1 Contractor's facilities An item shall be given for facilities required by the contractor, which shall include: 1. Accommodation and buildings, including offices, laboratories, compounds, stores, messrooms and living accommodation 2. Temporary fencing, including hoardings, screens, roofs and guardrails 3. Temporary roads, including hardstandings and crossings 4. Water for the works; particulars shall be given if water will be supplied to the contractor 5. Lighting and power for the works; particulars shall be given if current will be supplied to the contractor 6. Temporary telephones. Particulars shall be given where the nature or extent of the facilities is not at the discretion of the contractor. Temporary works An item shall be given for temporary works, which shall include: 1. Traffic diversion 2. Access roads 3. Bridges 4. Cofferdams 5. Pumping 6. De-watering 7. Compressed air for tunnelling. Particulars shall be given where the nature r extent of the temporary works is not at the discretion of the contractor. Sundry items An item shall be given for sundry items, which shall include: 1. Testing of materials 2. Testing of the works 3. Protecting the works from inclement weather 4. Removing rubbish, protective casings and coverings and cleaning the works at completion 5. Traffic re gulations 6. Maintenance of public and private roads ‘ 7. Drying the works 8. Control of noise and pollution 9. All statutory obligations Particulars shall be given where the nature or extent of the sundry items is not at the discretion of the contractor. Sundry items Temporary works Contractor's facilities A7. 2 A8 A8. 1 A8. 2 A9 A9. 1 A9. 2 SECTION B – SITE WORK B1 B1. 1 B1. 2 B1. 3 B2 B2. 1 Site exploration generally Keeping records of site observations, site tests and laboratory tests shall be given as an item. Samples, site observations, site tests, a oratory tests an analyses shall be given as an item, Providing reports shall be given as an item. Trial holes Excavating trial holes shall be measured by depth, taken along the centre line, stating the number and the maximum depth below commencing level. Earthwork support which is not at the discretion of the contractor shall be measured by depth. Boreholes (including pumping test wells) Driving boreholes shall be measured by depth, taken along the centre line, stating the number and the maximum depth below commencing level; raking boreholes shall be so described. Lining which is not at the discretion of the contractor shall be measured by depth. Cap pings shall be enumerated. Boreholes (including pumping test wells) Trial holes Site exploration generally B2. 2 B3 B3. 1 B3. 2 B3. 3 4 B4 Site preparation B4. 1 B4. 2 B4. 3 Site preparation Removing isolated trees shall be enumerated. Removing hedges shall be measured by length. Site clearance, which shall include removing vegetation, undergrowth, bushes, hedges, trees or the like, shall be measured by area. Demolitions and alterations The location of each item shall be given. Unless otherwise stated, old materials shall be understood to become the property of the contractor and shall be cleared away; old materials required to remain the property of the employer shall be so described. Removing individual fittings, fixtures, engineering installations or the like from an existing structure shall each be given as an item. Demolishing individual structures (or part thereof) shall each be given as an item; alternatively, demolishing all structures on a site may be given as an item. Cutting openings in existing structures and alterations to existing structures shall each be given as an item; making good all work damaged shall be understood to be included. Temporary screens and roofs shall be given as an item. Shoring Shoring incidental to demolitions and alterations, together with clearing away and making good all work damaged, shall be understood to be included. Shoring (other than that incidental to demolitions and alterations) shall be given as an item, stating the location; clearing away and making good all work damaged shall be understood to be included. Particulars shall be given where the design of the shoring is not at the discretion of the contractor. Shoring which is required by the specification to be left in position shall be so described. Underpinning Work in underpinning shall be given under an appropriate heading, stating the location. Unless otherwise stated, work shall be measured in accordance with the appropriate sections of this document. Temporary support shall be given as an item; particulars shall be given where the design of the temporary support is not at the discretion of the contractor. Excavation shall be measured by volume, taken to the outside line of the projecting foundations or to the outside line of the new foundations (whichever is the greater), classified as follows: 1. Excavation in preliminary trenches down to the base of the existing foundations 2. Excavation below the base of the existing foundations. Cutting away projecting foundations shall be measured by length. Earthworks generally Any information available concerning the nature of the ground and strata shall be provided with the bills of quantities. The quantities for excavation, dredging or tunnelling shall be understood to be the bulk before excavation, and no allowance shall be made for any ‘orking space or subsequent variation in bulk; existing voids shall be deducted. Multiple handling of materials and transporting about the site shall be understood to be included; multiple handling which is required by the specification shall be so described in the item of disposal. Earthwork support shall be given as an item. Excavation in rock shall be so described; alternatively, it may be measured as extra over excavation (that is, B5 Demolitions and alterations B5. 1 B5. 2 B5. 3 B5. 4 B5. 5 B6 Shoring B6. 1 B6. 2 B6. 3 B6. 4 B7 Underpinning B7. 1 B7. 2 B7. 3 B7. 4 B7. 5 B8 Earthworks generally B8. 1 B8. 2 B8. 3 B8. 4 B8. 5 5 the volume of rock shall be measured bur no deduction shall be made from the volume of excavation in which the rock occurs). B8. 6 For the purposes of measurement rock is defined as any material met with which is of such size or position that. n the opinion of the employer's representative. It can only be removed by means of wedges, special plant or explosives. Excavation Unless otherwise stated, excavation shall be measured by volume as the void which is to be occupied by the permanent construction, or vertically above any part of the permanent construction, classified as follows: 1. Oversite excavation to remove top soil, stating the average depth 2. Excavation to reduce levels 3. Excavation in cuttings 4. Basement excavation 5. Trench excavation to receive foundations, which shall include pile caps and ground beams 6. Pit excavation to receive foundation bases, stating the number 7. Excavation for diaphragm walls, stating the width of the permanent construction and the type of support fluid. Excavation of trenches for service pipes, drain pipes, cables or the like shall each be measured by length, stating the average depth; disposal and filling shall be understood to be included. For excavation in tunnelling see clause B24. Dredging Dredging shall be measured by volume, stating the location and limits; unless otherwise stated, measurement shall be understood to be taken from soundings. Disposal Disposal of material arising from excavation, dredging or tunnelling shall be measured by volume as equal to the volume of excavation, dredging or tunnelling and each shall be classified as follows: 1. Backfilled into excavation 2. Backfilled in making up levels 3. Backfilled oversite to make up levels, giving details of special contouring, embankments or the like 4. Removed, which shall include providing a suitable tip. Filling Filling material (other than that arising from excavation, dredging or tunnelling) shall be measured by volume as equal to the void to be filled, classified as follows: 1. Filled into excavation 2. Filled in making up levels 3. Filled oversite to make up levels, giving details of special contouring, embankments or the like. Piling generally For the purposes of measurement, driven piling shall include timber, precast concrete or metal piles. Other piling systems (for example, preformed casing with concrete filling) shall be measured in accordance with the principles for driven piling or bored piling as may be appropriate. Unless otherwise stated, reinforcement shall be measured in accordance with Section C. Driven piling Supplying piles shall be measured by length, stating the number; reinforcement shall be given separately. Heads and shoes shall be enumerated. Driving piles shall be measured by length, taken from the pile point in contact with the ground when pitched to the pile point when driven, stating the number; driving piles on rake shall be so described. Cutting off tops of piles and connections for lengthening piles shall be enumerated. Earthworks generally (continued) B9 B9. 1 Excavation B9. 2 B9. 3 B10 B10. 1 Dredging B11 B11. 1 Disposal B12 B12. 1 Filling B13 B13. 1 B13. 2 Piling generally B13. 3 B14 B14. 1 B14. 2 B14. 3 Driven piling B14. 4 6 B15 Bored piling B15. 1 Bored piling Boring for piles shall be measured by length, taken from the formation level of the ground to the bottom of the pile hole, stating the number; the measurement shall include for blind boring when the pile top is to be below the formation level of the ground. Boring through rock shall be measured by length as extra over boring for piles (that is, the length of boring through rock shall be measured but no deduction shall be made from the total length of boring). Linings for piles shall be measured by length. Disposal of material arising from boring shall be measured in accordance with clause B11. Concrete filling shall be measured by volume. Cutting off tops of piles and forming enlarged bases shall be enumerated. Sheet piling The measurements for sheet piling shall be taken along the centre line. Supplying sheet piling shall be measured by area, taken as the area when in final position. Corner piles or the like shall be measured by length. Driving sheet piling shall be measured by area, taken from the formation level of the ground to the bottom edge of the sheet piling when driven; strutting and waling and withdrawing sheet piling shall be understood to be included. Cutting sheet piling shall be measured by length. Sheet piling which is required by the specification to be left in position shall be so described. Performance designed piling Performance designed piles shall be enumerated; reinforcement and disposal of material arising from boring shall be understood to be included. Details shall be given when the pile top is to be below the formation level of the ground. Testing piling Testing piling, which shall include trial piles and testing working piles, shall be given as an item. Underground drainage Drain pipes shall be measured by length, taken along the centre line over all fittings; drain pipes within inspection chambers or the like shall be so described and shall be understood to drainage include fixings and supports. Drain fittings in the length (for example, bends, junctions) shall be enumerated, grouped together for each size of pipe and described as ‘fittings'. Drain accessories (for example, gullies, traps) shall be enumerated; concrete surrounds and additional excavation shall be understood to be included. Concrete beds and coverings for drain pipes shall each be measured by length, stating the diameter of the pipe; surrounds to vertical pipes shall be so described and shall be understood to include formwork. Inspection chambers or the like shall be enumerated; alternatively, they may be measured in accordance ‘ith the relevant sections of this document and given under an appropriate heading. Connections to existing drains shall be enumerated, subject to clause GP8. Paving and surfacing Paving and surfacing shall be measured by area. Expansion joints and ‘ater stops shall be measured by length. B15. 2 B15. 3 B15. 4 B15. 5 B15. 6 B16 Sheet piling B16. 1 B16. 2 B16. 3 B16. 4 B16. 5 B16. 6 B17 B17. 1 B17. 2 B18 Testing piling B18. 1 B19 Underground drainage B19. 1 B19. 2 B19. 3 B19. 4 B19. 5 B19. 6 B20 Paving and surfacing B20. 1 B20. 2 7 B20. 3 B21 B21. 1 Channels, curbs, edgings or the like shall be measured by length; curved work shall be so described. Fencing Fencing, which shall include posts and supports in the length, shall be measured by length; excavating pits, disposal and filling shall be understood to be included. Special posts (for example, gate posts, straining posts) shall be enumerated; excavating pits, disposal and filling shall be understood to be included. Gates, barriers or the like shall be enumerated. Finishes shall be measured in accordance with Section J. Landscaping Cultivating and fertilising ground shall be measured by area. Soiling, seeding and turfing shall be measured by area. Hedges shall be measured by length. Trees and shrubs shall be enumerated. Railway work Track, guard rails and conductor rails shall each be measured by length, taken along the centre line over all fittings; curved work shall be so described. Sleepers and chairs shall be enumerated. Switches and crossings shall be enumerated, classified as follows: 1. Switches and turnouts 2. Diamond crossings 3. Single slip crossings 4. Double slip crossings 5. Other switches and crossings. Ballast shall be measured by volume, without deduction for track, classified as follows: 1. Bottom ballast, placed before the track is laid 2. Top ballast, placed after the track is laid. Concrete track foundations shall be measured by length, except that overwidth foundations for switches and crossings shall be measured by area; reinforcement and shuttering shall be understood to be included. Bitumen filler to complete rail assemblies shall be measured by length. Buffer stops, wheel stops or the like shall be enumerated. Signalling installations shall be measured in accordance with Section L or Section R. Tunnel excavation Excavation shall be measured by volume as the void which is to be occupied, including the volume of permanent linings, grouped as may be appropriate to identify different lengths and classified as follows: 1. Straight tunnels 2. Straight shafts 3. Curved tunnels 4. Curved shafts 5. Tapered tunnels 6. Tapered shafts 7. Other cavities, which shall include transitions, breakaways and intersections between shafts and tunnels. Forward probing shall be measured by length, stating the number of probes. For disposal see clause B11. Paving and surfacing (continued) Fencing B21. 2 B21. 3 B21. 4 B22 B22. 1 B22. 2 B22. 3 B22. 4 B23 B23. 1 Landscaping Railway work B23. 2 B23. 3 B23. 4 B23. 5 B23. 6 B23. 7 B23. 8 B24 B24. 1 Tunnel excavation B24. 2 B24. 3 8 B25 Tunnel linings B25. 1 Tunnel linings Poured concrete linings shall be measured by area, stating whether spray or cast concrete, classified as follows: 1. lining 2. Secondary lining. Preformed segmental tunnel linings shall be enumerated. Tunnel support and stabilisation Timber supports shall be measured by volume. Sprayed concrete supports and reinforcement shall be measured by area. Rock bolts shall be measured by length. Face packers shall be enumerated. Metal arch supports shall be measured by weight. Injection of grout materials shall be measured by weight. B25. 2 B26 Tunnel support and stabilisation B26. 1 B26. 2 B26. 3 B26. 4 B26. 5 B26. 6 SECTION C – CONCRETE WORK C1 Generally C1. 1 C1. 2 Generally Reinforced poured concrete and plain poured concrete shall each be so described. Poured concrete required by the specification to be placed, compacted, cured or otherwise treated in a particular manner shall be so described. No deduction shall be made for voids less than 1. 00 m3, nor for the volume of any reinforcement or structural metal enclosed in the concrete, except that voids caused by boxed or tubular structural metalwork shall always be deducted. Unless otherwise described, horizontal surfaces of concrete shall be understood to be tamped. Poured concrete Unless otherwise stated, poured concrete shall be measured by volume, classified as follows: 1. Foundations, which shall include combined or isolated bases 2. Pile caps, which shall include ground beams 3. Blinding 4. Beds, which shall include roads and footpaths, stating the thickness 5. Suspended slabs, which shall include floors, landings, roofs or the like, stating the thickness 6. Walls, which shall include attached columns, stating the thickness 7. Columns, which shall include casing to metal stancheons 8. Beams (measured below the slab), which shall include lintels and casing to metal beams 9. Staircases, which shall include steps and strings 10. Diaphragm walls 11. Other classifications (for example, tunnel linings, bridge abutments) as may be appropriate. Poured concrete suspended slabs of special construction, including floors, landings, roofs or the like, shall be measured by area; coffered and troughed slabs shall be so described, giving details of solid margins or the like. Where an item is required to be measured by volume and the thickness stated, then items of differing thickness may be grouped together, provided that the range of the different thicknesses is stated. Reinforcement The weight of bar reinforcement shall be the net weight without addition for rolling margin, supports, spacers or tying wire. Bar reinforcement shall be measured by weight, stating the diameter; bars of iffering diameters shall be given separately. Fabric reinforcement shall be measured by area, without addition for laps. C1. 3 C1. 4 C2 Poured concrete C2. 1 C2. 2 C2. 3 C3 Reinforcement C3. 1 C3. 2 C3. 3 9 C3. 4 C4 C4. 1 Reinforcement shall be given as an item where the detailed design work is the responsibility of the contractor. Shuttering Unless ot herwise stated, shuttering shall be measured by area, taken as the net area in contact with the finished face of concrete, classified as follows: 1. Soffits; shuttering to soffits of special construction shall be so described 2. Sloping soffits, which shall include soffits of staircases 3. Sloping upper surfaces, which shall include surfaces more than 15 ° from horizontal 4. Sides of foundations, which shall include bases, pile caps and ground beams 5. Sides of walls, which shall include attached columns 6. Returns to walls, which shall include ends, projections and reveals of openings or recesses 7. Sides and soffits of beams, which shall include lintels and breaks in soffits; isolated beams shall be so described 8. Sides and soffits of sloping beams, which shall include lintels and breaks in soffits; isolated beams shall be so described 9. Sides of columns 10. Staircases, which shall include treads, isers and strings but exclude soffits 11. Other classifications (for example, tunnel linings, bridges, bridge abutments) as may be appropriate. Shuttering to edges, which shall include face of curb or upstand or break in upper surface of floor, shall be measured by length; items of differing height may be grouped together, provided that the range of different heights is stated. Grooves, which shall include throats, rebates, chamfers or the like, 2500 mm2 sectional area or over shall be measured by length; grooves less than 2500 mm2 sectional area shall be understood to be included. Shuttering may be enumerated where it is more appropriate to do so (for example, decorative features). Shuttering which is required by the specification to be left in position shall be so described. Shuttering to curved, conical and spherical surfaces shall each be so described. Shuttering to provide a special finish shall be so described. Unless otherwise stated, if the volume of concrete has not been deducted, shuttering to the faces of a void shall be understood to be included. Precast concrete Moulds for precast units shall be understood to be included. Reinforcement shall be measured in accordance with clause C3 and given under an appropriate heading; alternatively, it may be described in the item. Floor slabs, partition slabs or the like shall be measured by area. .' Lintels, sills, duct covers or the like shall be measured by length; alternatively, duct covers may be measured by area. Structural units (for example, beams, stanchions, tunnel rings) shall be enumerated. Padstones, cappings or the like shall be enumerated. Prestressed concrete Prestressed concrete work shall be given under an appropriate heading. Prestressed concrete shall be measured by volume, classified in accordance with clause C2. Reinforcement shall be measured in accordance with clause C3; supporting steel wires or cables shall be measured by weight. Shuttering shall be measured in accordance with clause C4, stating whether to pre-tensioned or post-tensioned members. Sundries Surfaces finished to falls or cross-falls shall be measured by area. Reinforcement (continued) Shuttering C4. 2 C4. 3 C4. 4 C4. 5 C4. 6 C4. 7 C4. 8 C5 C5. 1 C5. 2 Precast concrete C5. 3 C5. 4 C5. 5 C5. 6 C6 C6. 1 C6. 2 C6. 3 Prestressed concrete C6. 4 C7 C7. 1 Sundries 0 Sundries (continued) C7. 2 C7. 3 C7. 4 C7. 5 Surface finishes shall be measured by area, except that tamped finishes shall be understood to be included. Expansion material or the like shall be measured by area. Designed joints, water stops, cast-in channels or the like shall be measured by length. Forming sinkings, channels or the like shall be measured by length and, where approp riate, the item may include additional excavation, hardcore, shuttering and concrete; alternatively, they may be enumerated. Fixings, ties, inserts or the like shall be enumerated; alternatively, they may be measured by area. Mortices, holes or the like shall be understood to be included. C7. 6 C7. 7 SECTION D – MASONRY D1 Generally D1. 1 D1. 2 D2 Walls and piers D2. 1 Generally Sloping, battering and curved work shall each be so described. Reinforced masonry shall be so described. Walls and piers Walls and piers shall be measured by area, classified as follows: 1. Walls; integral piers shall be measured as walls of combined pier and wall thickness 2. Walls built against other construction 3. Cavity walls measured as a composite item, including skins and cavity; alternatively, the skins and cavity may each be measured by area. Closing cavity walls at ends or around openings shall be understood to be included 4. Isolated piers. Faced or fair faced work shall each be so described; alternatively, it may be measured as extra over walls, stating whether faced or fair faced on one or both sides (that is, the area of faced or fair faced work shall be measured but no deduction shall be made from the area of walling on which the faced or fair faced work occurs). Sills, etc. Sills, copings, oversailing or receding courses or the like shall be measured by length. Arches shall be measured by length. Reinforcement Reinforcement shall be measured in accordance with clause C3; alternatively, fabric reinforcement may be measured by length. Sundries Concrete filling to cavities shall be measured by area. Expansion joints or the like shall be measured by length. Air bricks or the like shall be enumerated. D2. 2 D3 Sills, etc. D3. 1 D3. 2 D4 Reinforcement D4. 1 D5 Sundries D5. 1 D5. 2 D5. 3 SECTION E – METALWORK E1 Generally E1. 1 Generally The weight of metalwork shall be the net weight, without addition for rolling margin or welding material and without deduction for holes, splay cuts, notches or the like. Welded, riveted or bolted work shall each be so described. Structural metalwork Unless otherwise stated, structural metalwork shall be measured by weight, classified as follows: 1. Grillages 2. Beams 3. Stanchions E1. 2 E2 Structural metalwork E2. 1 11 4. 5. 6. 7. E2. 2 E2. 3 E2. 4 E2. 5 Portal frames, stating the number Roof trusses, stating the number Support steelwork, which shall include sheeting rails, braces, struts or the like Other classifications, as may be appropriate. Structural metalwork (continued) Fittings (for example, caps, brackets) shall be given as an item. Fixings (for example, bolts, distance pieces, rivets) shall be given as an item. Wedging and grouting bases or the like shall be enumerated. Holding down bolts or the like shall be enumerated; temporary boxes and grouting shall be understood to be included. Protective treatment shall be given as an item. Non-structural metalwork Floor plates, duct covers, sheet metal coverings and linings or the like shall be measured by area. Bearers, balustrades, handrails (except where included with a staircase), frames or the like shall be measured by length. Matwell frames, cat ladders, gates, staircases or the like shall be enumerated. Non-structural metalwork E2. 6 E3 E3. 1 E3. 2 E3. 3 SECTION F – WOODWORK F1 F1. 1 Generally Timber which is sawn (that is, not milled) and timber which is finished (that is, milled) shall each be so described. Descriptions of timber members shall state whether the sizes are basic (that is, before machining) or finished (that is, milled, within permitted deviations). Structural timbers Structural timbers shall be measured by length, classified as follows: 1. Floors and flat roofs 2. Pitched roofs 3. Walls 4. Kerbs, bearers or the like 5. Cleats, sprockets or the like. Strutting and bridging between joists shall be measured by length, taken overall the joists. Boarding and flooring Unless otherwise stated, boarding and flooring shall be measured by area, without addition for joints or laps, classified as follows: 1. Floors, which shall include landings 2. Walls, which shall include returns, reveals of openings or recesses and attached and unattached columns 3. Ceilings, which shall include attached and unattached beams and soffits of staircases 4. Roofs, which shall include tops and cheeks of dormers and sides and bottoms of gutters, stating whether flat, sloping or vertical; firring pieces and bearers shall be understood to be included. Eaves and verge boards, which shall include fascias, barge boards or the like, shall be measured by length. Fillets and rolls shall be measured by length. Grounds and battens Open-spaced grounds and battens shall be measured by area, taken overall. Individual grounds and battens shall be measured by length. Framework Framework shall be measured by area, taken overall; alternatively, it may be measured by length. Framework Grounds and battens Boarding and flooring Structural timbers Generally F1. 2 F2 F2. 1 F2. 2 F3 F3. 1 F3. 2 F3. 3 F4 F4. 1 F4. 2 F5 F5. 1 12 F6 Finishings and fittings F6. 1 Finishings and fittings Finishings shall be measured by length, classified as follows: 1. Cover fillets, which shall include architraves, skirtings or the like 2. Beads, which shall include stops or the like 3. Edgings, which shall include window boards, nosings or the like. Unless otherwise stated, fittings shall be measured by length, classified as follows: 1. Work tops, which shall include seats or the like 2. Handrails or balustrades. Shelving shall be measured by area; alternatively, it may be measured by length. Backboards or the like shall be enumerated. Built-up members shall be so described. Plastic coverings or the like shall be described with the item on which they occur, stating whether on one or more faces; alternatively, they may be measured separately by area. Sheet linings shall be measured by area, classified as follows: 1. Walls, which shall include returns, reveals of openings or recesses and attached and unattached columns 2. Ceilings, which shall include attached and unattached beams and soffits of staircases. Composite items Unless otherwise stated, composite items (which shall mean items which might be fabricated off-site whether or not they are fabricated off-site) shall be enumerated; all metal work or the like shall be understood to be included. Any associated work (for example, decorations) shall be measured in accordance with the relevant sections of this document. Sundry items Finished surfaces on sawn items shall be measured by length. Metalwork Metalwork items associated with woodwork shall be enumerated; alternatively, waterbars or the like may be measured by length. Ironmongery Units or sets of ironmongery shall be enumerated. F6. 2 F6. 3 F6. 4 F6. 5 F6. 6 F6. 7 F7 Composite items F7. 1 F7. 2 F8 Sundry items F8. 1 F9 Metalwork F9. 1 F10 Ironmongery F10. 1 SECTION G – THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROTECTION G1 Generally G1. 1 G1. 2 G2 Coverings and linings G2. l Generally Work shall be measured flat without addition for laps or seams. Curved, spherical and conical work shall each be so described. Coverings and linings Unless otherwise stated, roofing, tanking, waterproof coveri

Different Types Of Leaders And Styles Of Leadership

Every person who enters the field of education has both the opportunity and an obligation to be a leader (Dufour, Marzano, 2011). Leadership defined by Owen (2002) is, â€Å"A journey of discovery. It is the expression of a person at his or her best whose aim is to transform something for the better and to develop this potential in others. It is not a solitary pursuit but one that harnesses the energy of those around you. Leadership is a process in which leaders and followers engage to achieve mutual goals. Prentice (2004) defines leadership as the accomplishment of a goal through the direction of human assistants. A great leader is one who can do so day after day, and year after year, in a wide variety of circumstances. LEADERSHIP STYLES†¦show more content†¦Laissez-Faire leaders, or delegative leaders, offer little or no guidance to group members and rely on group members to make decisions (Cherry, 2015). 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Counseling Theory And Theory Of Counseling Essay - 1346 Words

As a counseling student, it is very important to formulate a counseling theory tailored to ones’ own personality and beliefs. A counselor may choose a single theory to model when practicing therapy or pick and choose components and techniques from various theories, otherwise known as eclecticism. No theory is considered right or wrong. Understanding the different therapeutic approaches are important to effective counseling, however, counselors must also understand their own personal value, view of human nature, human behavior, counseling techniques and the purpose and goals of counseling. Understanding these components along with the different theoretical approaches will provide the counselor with a 9 knowledge of their own counseling, orientation and is essential to not only the productivity of counseling but the growth of the counselor as well. View of Human Nature My theoretical orientation gravitates strongly toward a humanistic and goal oriented theory of counseling. I agree with the Freudian psycho-analysis approach in that development happens within the first six years of life and these experiences are what influence our present behavior, however, it is my belief that human behavior is motivated through our conscious and all behavior is goal-oriented and has a desired result. Our social environment and past experiences are what strongly enhances our behavior and the decisions that we make. With this is mind, it is understood that we are in control of our actions,Show MoreRelatedTheories And Theories Of Counseling1051 Words   |  5 PagesTheories in counseling gives future counselors the overall view of theories and why they are important. Theories serve as a guide for counselors and give justification for treatment given. A lack of theory would make it hard for a counselor to connect with their client and know what m ethods to use for a specific client. Theories sets the tone of how a counselor can affect change in their client’s life. 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How Did The Renaissance Change Man’s Essay Example For Students

How Did The Renaissance Change Man’s Essay In some ways the Renaissance turned the universe and man’s topographic point in it upside down. In the old ages between the autumn of Rome and the mid fourteenth century. the Catholic Church dominated Europe and. The Catholic Pope and monastics controlled acquisition and taught that the universe was God’s creative activity and that adult male was weak and full of wickedness. Around 1350 in Italy. a metempsychosis of art and thoughts. which we call the Renaissance made it’s first visual aspect. Attention began to switch from God to adult male. from heaven to earth. from star divination to ground. and from desperation to optimism. Three countries where this look and find illustrate how the Renaissance changed man’s position of himself and the universe are in art. literature. and uranology. One country where Renaissance creative persons expressed their involvement in human nature was in pictures. First compare the image of the Madonna with the Renaissance picture of the Mona Lisa. Leonardo district attorney Vinci showed a adult female as she truly looked. He used shadowing. natural creases in vesture and human look to paint a individual. This is really different from Buoninsegna’s picture. He painted a statue. How did the renaissance change art.  The face has few characteristics. and is 2 dimensional. The child expressions like a small adult male. and he uses spiritual symbols to portray emotion. Leonardo district attorney Vinci’s picture of the Mona Lisa demonstrates the new Renaissance thought of human nature because it illustrated a displacement from the usage of symbolic representation to convey and thought to the usage of human emotions or recognizable scenes. It besides shifted focal point from spiritual figures to the person in a natural scene wit h greater realistic item. Literature is another country where the Renaissance changed believing about man’s nature. Harmonizing the drama. Everyman. people have nil to look frontward to but. wickedness. decease. and judgement. More than 200 old ages subsequently. William Shakespeare composing celebrates man’s being. â€Å"What a piece of work is a adult male! How baronial in ground! †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Whereas. medieval Everyman sees adult male as powerless and the message is dejecting. Shakespeare’s Hamlet sees human existences as unbelievable and beautiful. full of possible. Still another country where Renaissance minds influenced how Europeans thought approximately man’s nature was in the country of uranology.

Wife Battering Is A Serious Issue That Is Usually Looked At By Feminis Essay Example For Students

Wife Battering Is A Serious Issue That Is Usually Looked At By Feminis Essay ts as one of the most relevant signs of the oppression of women. This form of oppression symbolizes the fight women have against the patriarchy and its hold on social freedoms. There are different spheres which women fight in, music and the music industry is one example of an arena of struggle. Wife Battery is a subject usually delved into by feminist bands or female song-writers, but it takes on a different light when written about and performed by an all male team. With the different perspective comes a new way to prevent this social dilemma. The Watchmen and Matchbox 20 are both male rock bands which have hit the top forty again and again, and who explore the issue of domestic violence. The Watchmen are a Canadian band that gets at least a gold record with every album they release. Matchbox 20, are from the US and sold over 5,000,000 copies of their debut album, with Push being one of their biggest songs. We will write a custom essay on Wife Battering Is A Serious Issue That Is Usually Looked At By Feminis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The media is a huge sphere of influence in our society, and music is a part of that sphere of influence. The songs Run and Hide and Push both hold reign as popular songs by popular bands so they send their messages even louder than most forms of protest. The fact that the songs are by male artists can only strengthen that voice as wife battery is usually a female issue when brought to the public. In this paper I will analyze the effect of the music and its genres on the social issue of wife battery and examine the topic of domestic violence itself. The artists I have chosen represent the male voice of not just feminist protest, but also of the fight for equality and freedom. Domestic ViolenceThere are many definitions for domestic violence, the definition that will be used in this paper is violence between heterosexual adults who are living together or who have previously lived together in a conjugal relationship.(MacLeod, 1980). While the topic of abuse in lesbian and gay relationships is still an important issue, it broadens the main topic of this paper a little to much to me mentioned. Most reported cases of abuse in the domestic household have to do with wife abuse and the definition of that is:violence, physical and/or psychological, expressed by a husband or a male or lesbian live-in loveer toward his wife or his/her live-in lover, to which the wife does not consent, and which is directly or indirectly condoned by the traditions, laws, attitudes prevalent in the society which it occurs (MacLeod, 1980). This kind of violence occurs within every facet of society and not just those of low-income of class. There are four types of violence: physical, sexual, emotional and social abuse and each type forms a continuum from minor to major lethality (Tolman, 1997). The most obvious form of violence is physical abuse. This begins with lack of consideration for the physical comfort or needs of others (forgetting a person is waiting for a ride or walking too quickly for a child to keep up), pushing; shoving; hair-pulling escalates to action like punching, bruising and broken bones or injuries which need medical care. Finally, permanent injury can result, using weapons and even murder. A part of physical abuse is sexual abuse. On a continuum this begins with the objectification of women through jokes, humiliating or degrading comments and name calling, it escalates to uncomfortable touching, demands for sex or punishment by rejection of her as a sexual partner. As well, forcing sex after a beating, using weapons to force sex or for sexual manipulation, causing permanent injury and ultimately murder (Tolman, 1997). Another form of violence is emotional abuse. It includes those behaviors that are done directly to the person to render her helpless and totally dependent on the abuser. This begins with jokes about her habits and faults as a women, ignoring her feelings, screaming and yelling menacingly during arguments and repeated uses of insults and humiliation tactics. Threatening to use physical/sexual abuse, blaming and unfounded accusations, geographic isolation or making her stay in the home and destroying her possessions also make up emotional abuse. The last form of violence is social abuse. This includes the family that approves of spanking and control of others and not self as a form of discipline; the family, church, and school system that teaches rigid life roles to men and rewards actions rather than how to solve problems and the showing of anger and depression to express feelings rather than the whole normal range of emotions (Tolman, 1997). Each year, 20,000 Saskatchewan women are abused by their husbands or male partners(P.A.T.H.S., 1996).Violence against women is costly, a million women in Canada pay the personal cost of abuse by their partners each year. The physical costs of abuse include broken bones, burns, internal injuries, knife and gunshot wounds. These physical effects can lead to permanent physical or mental disabilities. Between 60% and 80% of assaulted women seed professional medical care. The Psycological costs of abuse lead to low self-esteem, fear and isolation. Compared to women who have not been abused as adults, 40% more battered women report using drugs to sleep, and 74% more battered women report using drugs to relieve anxiety. (P.A.T.H.S., 1997)It has been shown that domestic violence happens equally among women and men, it is just then women are much more likely to show the results of such behavior due to the extra muscle mass males possess and their likelihood of using weapons. More than 17% of all reported cases of domestic violence use tools (MacLeod, 1980), perhaps for more intimidation and fear. This kind of violence is much more apt to end in death at well. In 1975 out of 107 reported murders in immediate families, 49 ended with the husband killing the wife compared with only eight where the wife killed the husband. (MacLeod 1980). Violence against women in Canada takes a variety of forms including physical assault, sexual assault, sexual harassment, psychological abuse and emotional abuse. Not all violence leaves scars. The many forms of violence against women lie on a continuum which runs from the sexist jokes to domineering forms of behavior, sexual harassment, battering and murder. While it is obvious that some forms of violence have a greater physical or emotional impact than others, all forms of violence contribute to the very real fear and suffering that women in our society endure. Theory of Domestic ViolenceThe theory of learned helplessness sought to account for the passive behavior subjects exhibited when placed in an uncontrollable environment. In the late 60s and early 70s, Martin Seligman, a famous researcher in the field of psychology, conducted a series of experiments in which dogs were placed in one of two types of cages. In the former cage, henceforth referred to as the shock cage, a bell would sound and the experimenters would electrify the entire floor seconds later, shocking the dog regardless of location. The latter cage, however, although similar in every other respect to the shock cage, contained a small area where the experimenters could administer no shock. Seligman observed that while the dogs in the latter cage learned to run to the non-electrified area after a series of shocks, the dogs in the shock cage gave up trying to escape, even when placed in the latter cage and shown that escape was possible. Seligman theorized that the dogs initial experience in the uncontrollable shock cage led them to believe that they could not control future events and was responsible for the observed disruptions in behavior and learning. Thus, according to the theory of learned helplessness, a subject placed in an uncontrollable environment will become passive and accept painful stimuli, even though escape is possible and apparent. .u7a9920e93ffe64f0fca4090cc7918e58 , .u7a9920e93ffe64f0fca4090cc7918e58 .postImageUrl , .u7a9920e93ffe64f0fca4090cc7918e58 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7a9920e93ffe64f0fca4090cc7918e58 , .u7a9920e93ffe64f0fca4090cc7918e58:hover , .u7a9920e93ffe64f0fca4090cc7918e58:visited , .u7a9920e93ffe64f0fca4090cc7918e58:active { border:0!important; } .u7a9920e93ffe64f0fca4090cc7918e58 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7a9920e93ffe64f0fca4090cc7918e58 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7a9920e93ffe64f0fca4090cc7918e58:active , .u7a9920e93ffe64f0fca4090cc7918e58:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7a9920e93ffe64f0fca4090cc7918e58 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7a9920e93ffe64f0fca4090cc7918e58 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7a9920e93ffe64f0fca4090cc7918e58 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7a9920e93ffe64f0fca4090cc7918e58 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7a9920e93ffe64f0fca4090cc7918e58:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7a9920e93ffe64f0fca4090cc7918e58 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7a9920e93ffe64f0fca4090cc7918e58 .u7a9920e93ffe64f0fca4090cc7918e58-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7a9920e93ffe64f0fca4090cc7918e58:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mark Whetu and Mike Rheinberger EssayIn the late 1970s, Dr. Walker drew upon Seligmans research and incorporated it into her own theory, the battered womens syndrome, in an attempt to explain why battered women remain with their abusers (Brown, 1995). According to Dr. Walker, battered womens syndrome contains two distinct elements: a cycle of violence and symptoms of learned helplessness. The cycle of violence is composed of three phases: the tension building phase, active battering phase and calm loving respite phase. During the tension building phase, the victim is subjected to verbal abuse and minor battering incidents, such as slaps, pinches and psychological abuse. In this phase, the woman tries to pacify her batterer by using techniques that have worked previously. Typically, the woman showers her abuser with kindness or attempts to avoid him. However, the victims attempts to pacify her batter are often fruitless and only work to delay the inevitable acute battering incident. The tension building phase ends and the active battering phase begins when the verbal abuse andminor battering evolve into an acute battering incident (Brown, 1995). A release of the tensions built during phase one characterizes the active battering phase, which usually last for a period of two to twenty-four hours. The violence during this phase is unpredictable and inevitable, and statistics indicate that the risk of the batterer murdering his victim is at its greatest. The batterer places his victim in a constant state of fear, and she is unable to control her batterers violence by utilizing techniques that worked in the tension building phase. The victim, realizing her lack of control, attempts to mitigate the violence by becoming passive. After the active battering phase comes to a close, the cycle of violence enters the calm loving respite phase or honeymoon phase. During this phase, the batterer apologizes for his abusive behavior and promises that it will never happen again. The behavior exhibited by the batter in the calm loving respite phase closely resembles the behavior he exhibited when the couple first met and fell in love. The calm loving respite phase is the most psychologically victimizing phase because the batterer fools the victim, who is relieved that the abuse has ended, into believing that he has changed. However, inevitably, the batterer begins to verbally abuse his victim and the cycle of abuse begins anew. According to Dr. Walker, Seligmans theory of learned helplessness explains why women stay with their abusers and occurs in a victim after the cycle of violence repeats numerous times (Brown, 1995). As noted earlier, dogs who were placed in an environment where pain was unavoidable responded by becoming passive. Dr. Walker asserts that, in the domestic abuse ambit, sporadic brutality, perceptions of powerlessness, lack of financial resources and the superior strength of the batterer all combine to instill a feeling of helplessness in the victim. In other words, batterers condition women into believing that they are powerless to escape by subjecting them to a continuing pattern of uncontrollable violence and abuse. Dr. Walker, in applying the learned helplessness theory to battered women, changed societys perception of battered women by dispelling the myth that battered women like abuse and offering a logical and rationale explanation for why most stay with their abuser. As the classical theory of battered womens syndrome is based upon the psychological principles of conditioning, experts believe that behavior modification strategies are best suited for treating women suffering from the syndrome. A simple, yet effective, behavioral strategy consists of two stages. In the initial stage, the battered woman removes herself from the uncontrollable or shock cage environment and isolates herself from her abuser. Generally, professionals help the victim escape by using assertiveness training, modeling and recommending use of the court system. After the woman terminates the abusive relationship, professionals give the victim relapse prevention training to ensure that subsequent exposure to abusive behavior will not cause maladaptive behavior (Brown 1995). Although this strategy is effective, the model offered by Dr. Walker suggests that battered women usually do not actively seek out help. Therefore, concerned agencies and individuals must be pro-active and extremely sensitive to the needs and fears of victims. The classical battered womens syndrome is a theory that has its origins in the research ofMartin Seligman. Women in a domestic abuse situation experience a cycle of violence with theirabuser. The cycle is composed of three phases: the tension building phase, active battering phaseand calm loving respite phase. A gradual increase in verbal abuse marks the tension building phase. When this abuse culminates into an acute battering episode, the relationship enters the active battering phase. Once the acute battering phase ends, usually within two to twenty-four hours, the parties enter the calm loving respite phase, in which the batterer expresses remorse and promises to change. After the cycle has played out several times, the victim begins to manifest symptoms of learned helplessness. Behavioral modification strategies offer an effective treatment for battered womens syndrome. However, Dr. Walkers model indicates that battered women may not seek the help that they need because of feeli ngs of helplessness. The Male Music SceneIn the song Push, emotional and social abuse is stressed. At first glance or audio, the song is stressing the physical acts of violence that make up domestic abuse. Push makes one think of the physical act, but what Rob Thomas does is write/sing about the emotion that is in a relationship and how one can be brown-beaten into doing something against their will. The Lyrics for the song are:PUSH1 she said I dont know if Ive ever been good enoughIm a little bit rusty, and I think my head is caving inand I dont know if Ive ever been really lovedby a hand thats touched me, well I feel like somethings gonna giveand Im a little bit angry, well6 this aint over, no not here, not while I still need you aroundyou dont owe me, we might changeyeah we just might feel good(chorus)I wanna push you around, I will, I willI wanna push you down, I will, I will11 I wanna take you for granted,I wanna take you for granted I willshe said I dont know why you ever would lie to melike Im a l ittle untrusting when I think that the truth is gonna hurt yaand I dont know why you couldnt just stay with me16 you couldnt stand to be near mewhen my face dont seem to want to shinecuz its a little bit dirty welldont just stand there, say nice things to meIve been cheated Ive been wronged,21 and you you dont know me, I cant changeI wont do anything at all(chorus)oh but dont bowl me overjust wait a minute well it kinda fell apart, things get so crazy, crazydont rush this baby, dont rush this baby(chorus)The chorus sets the scene for the song, line 9-12, but the pushing that is being mentioned is the emotional kind. Line 14, mentions untrusting, and waiting for the other to be able to trust, this is representative of the three phases of battering and would most resemble the honeymoon phase. This history of Matchbox 20 is quite interesting and it quite something for a debut song from a debut group to talk about domestic abuse, usually considered a female topic. .u8b6d42f586ff589a0aa2b887c3ac6a9a , .u8b6d42f586ff589a0aa2b887c3ac6a9a .postImageUrl , .u8b6d42f586ff589a0aa2b887c3ac6a9a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8b6d42f586ff589a0aa2b887c3ac6a9a , .u8b6d42f586ff589a0aa2b887c3ac6a9a:hover , .u8b6d42f586ff589a0aa2b887c3ac6a9a:visited , .u8b6d42f586ff589a0aa2b887c3ac6a9a:active { border:0!important; } .u8b6d42f586ff589a0aa2b887c3ac6a9a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8b6d42f586ff589a0aa2b887c3ac6a9a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8b6d42f586ff589a0aa2b887c3ac6a9a:active , .u8b6d42f586ff589a0aa2b887c3ac6a9a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8b6d42f586ff589a0aa2b887c3ac6a9a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8b6d42f586ff589a0aa2b887c3ac6a9a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8b6d42f586ff589a0aa2b887c3ac6a9a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8b6d42f586ff589a0aa2b887c3ac6a9a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8b6d42f586ff589a0aa2b887c3ac6a9a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8b6d42f586ff589a0aa2b887c3ac6a9a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8b6d42f586ff589a0aa2b887c3ac6a9a .u8b6d42f586ff589a0aa2b887c3ac6a9a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8b6d42f586ff589a0aa2b887c3ac6a9a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Extra Sensory Perception EssayThe band Matchbox 20 is made up of Rob Thomas: lead vocals; Kyle Cook: lead guitar, background vocals; Adam Gaynor: rhythm guitar, background vocals; Brian Yale: bass and Paul Doucette:drums. The band is characterized by soulful vocals, energized guitars, and probing lyrics about people whose lives are coming apart and their struggle to hold on this is what defines matchbox 20 and their Lava/Atlantic debut, YOURSELF OR SOMEONE LIKE YOU. These heartfelt and powerful songs have clearly touched a chord, for matchbox20 have quickly become one of the Nineties most remarkable and popular bands. On the strength of indelibleacross-the-board hits like Push, 3am, and Real World, not to mention the bandsfiery live performances before sell-out crowds, YOURSELF OR SOMEONE LIKE YOUbecame a top five hit on the Billboard 200, garnering a quintuple platinum certification from the RIAA. By the end of last year, matchbox20 had unquestionably earned the 1997 Rolling Stone Readers Poll award for Best New Band. Produced by Matt Serletic, YOURSELF OR SOMEONE LIKE YOU builds momentumfrom the strong vocal delivery of the bands principal songwriter Rob Thomas, who doesnt so much sing these songs as bite into them. Thomas vocals are ably complimented by the backing harmonies of lead guitarist Kyle Cook and rhythm guitarist Adam Gaynor, whose electric and acoustic guitar arrangements are propelled by the in-the-pocket rhythm section of drummer Paul Doucette and bassist Brian Yale.The dynamic interplay between these five young musicians is evident on songs like the upbeat Argue and the driving Girl Like That. The compelling characters that populate YOURSELF OR SOMEONE LIKE YOU wrestle with ghosts and demons, and while its not clear if theyll win their battles, you cant help but root for them. The folks who inhabit these songs are bruised and somewhat broken, but not so much so that theyve lost their pride. The bands breakout smash, Push, expertly nails the fear and emotional angst that is apart of abusive relationships. Thomas describes the romantic tug-of-war depicted in the Grammy-nominated Pushas being about how I was manipulated and how I handled it; how I grew to like it andgot comfortable with it. I felt that was the only way that you could have a relationship was if you were being controlled or if you were being manipulated. The songwriter adds that Push was actually written from three points of view, including, notably enough, the woman who inspired the song. Some people get the wrong idea and think that its about physical violence, when its really about emotional violence. (Rolling Stone, 1997)A band Similar to Matchbox 20, is The Watchmen. This Canadian band identifies with them mainly because they released their first single, from their first album five years earlier almost to the day and it also speaks about domestic violence. However, The Watchmen take on the harder, and more physical aspects of domestic violence in their debut single Run Hide:1 I hate to see you lying there, curled up in a ballI hate to smash your pretty face against the fucking wallBut Im a desperate man girl, Im down on my kneesI hate to see you crying, hate to see those tearsBut youre the one whos sitting there just tossing out the years6 Why you doing this? Why you wanna go?Wont you ever understand? Youre my woman, and Im your manAnd everytime I hear your nameThe floodgates open, blood it rainsAnd I cant see where I went wrong11 You cant leave while Im not strongI can see you run and hide oh baby wont you ever let meSee you run and hide oh baby wont you everLet me live my life‘Cause Im afraid I just dont love you16 So pick yourself on up girl, straighten yourself outPick up all the wasted years, youre so torn aboutPut them back girl, back in the shelfOn the shelf yeahYou and me will be forever, Im your hero, and youre my treasure(chorus)(chorus)Unlike Push, song is quite direct, it speaks from the perspective of the abuser and talking to the supposed wife. In Line 1-2, the song opens quite graphically with the abuser talking to either himself or his spouse. He doesnt know why he is a batterer, and he hates to see his wife on the ground, but this causes him to do further acts of violence. The song stresses the internal battle the abuser feels when confronted with his own violent acts, how he is torn between wanting his wife to stay and wanting her to leave, Line 16-18. The chorus works with the music and is hard-edged and gritty as the abuser struggles within himself, wanting his wife to Run and Hide as the songs title, but also wanting to see her and make blood it rains, Line 8-15. McLaren Furnace Room was recorded in the summer of 1992 at Winfield Sound in Toronto, Ontario It was released by MCA records both in Canada and the United States to a warm welcome. The album was followed by intense touring in Canada and a few concerts in the States and was accompanied by two videos Cracked and Run and Hide. The singles off the album were: Cracked, Run and Hide, Must To Be Free, and Mister. ConclusionBoth songs are examples of how, in the male dominated field of alternative music, it is possible that music can be used for positive media roles. Unfortunately, these kinds of songs and bands are the exception and not the rule. In the music industry today, almost all bands that cater to the young adult male use degrading images and objectifying constructs in either their lyrics, albums or videos. Some examples of the most base include, Smack my bitch up by the Prodigy and Slash and Burn by the Deftones. Both of these songs emphasize hurting your spouse because she/he does not do things according to the way the dominant spouse wants. The media can be a powerful force in the communication of ideologies and new ways of thought, but because it is an open market and all ideas are considered worthy, to often the best/positive messages get trampled by the negative and more powerful messages. Bibliography :Browne, A. 1995. Reshaping the rhetoric: The nexus of violence, poverty, and minority status in the lives of women and children in the United States. Georgetown Journal on Fighting Poverty III (Fall): 17-23. Cormack, Elizabeth. Feminist Engagement with the LawCRIAW/ICREF, Ottawa, Ontario. 1993Jacobson, Neil S. and Gottman, John M. When Men Batter WomenSimon and Scuster, New York. 1998Kirkwood, Catherine. Leaving Abusive Partners: From the Scars of Survival to the Wisdom for Change. Sage Publications, London. 1993. MacLeod, Linda. Wife Battering in Canada: The Vicious Circle. Canadian Publishing Centre, Hull, Quebec. 1980PATHS. Provincial Association of Transition Houses Saskatchewan. Abuse of Women by Their Male Partners: The Saskatchewan Situation. 1996, 1997, Saskatoon, Sask. Raphael, J. and R. Tolman. 1997. Trapped by poverty/Trapped by abuse: New evidence documenting the relationship between domestic violence and welfare. From the Project for Research on Welfare, Work, and Domestic Violence: a collaboration between Taylor Institute and the University of Michigan. Stark, Evan and Flitcraft, Anne. Women At Risk: Domestic Violence and Womenas HealthSAGE Publications, London. 1996Valverde, Mariana and Macleod, Linda and Johnson, Kirsten. Wife Assault and the Canadian Criminal Justice System. University of Toronto, Toronto. 1995. The Paladin Group. Violence Between Intimates http://www.silcom.com/~paladin/madv/stats.html, Nov 3rd, 1999.