Kathak and Social Communication Essay Example for Free

Kathak and Social Communication Essay Sociology and Communication ‘Kathak’ is one of the most well known types of Indian old style move. We have grown up watching it in motion pictures from UmraoJaanuptoDevdas. Most little youngsters in India even beginning gaining kathak directly from the youthful age of 5 years. Anyway is kathak only a straightforward social result of the nation that can be considered as a part of the masterful fortunes of this land or is there a bigger comprehension to the equivalent? Through this article we will go through the excursion of time and perceive how a thing as straightforward and unadulterated as an antiquated move structure can reveal to us the narratives of the social, strict, political changes of the nation. The Fifth Veda Customarily the Hindu society was separated in five varnas †Brahmins (educated people), Kshatriya (warriors), vaishya (dealers), shudra (unskilled workers), achoot (untouchables). The motivation behind this type of division was to have an increasingly sorted out society by circulating it on premise of the kind of work performed. Anyway with time this turned into a various leveled division of the general public which prompted abuse of the lower rank (shudra untouchables) by the upper station individuals. In this whole battle for power the sacred hindu sacred texts (the Vedas) stayed as the sole ownership of the Brahmins or the informed class. Any endeavor to try and contact these sacred messages by individuals from the lower position was viewed as a wrongdoing. Indeed, even our blessed content of Ramayana portrays an episode where ruler Ram (mariyadapurushottam) hacks of the leader of an individual from the lower position when he endeavors to peruse the Vedas. The shudra’s were illegal to tune in to these puranas (sacred writings). (Massey, 1999) It’s accepted that seeing this condition of the general public divine beings asked Lord Brahma to devise something which would be available to all and tie this general public together. This is the means by which the fifth veda or Natya Veda was conceived. The Hindu sagas have accounts of brahma instructing Bharata (the then lord of Bharat what we know as India) the Natya Veda and later his 100 children turned into the specialists of music, move and dramatization. The Bharat NatyaShashtra has been differently dated from second century BC to third century AD. This Veda was basic for all areas of society and all sexual orientations. Stories and educating were told through move. This is the place we saw the introduction of Kathak as a move structure. Kathak Kathak is gotten from the root word Katha which implies story. Kathak as a move structure was utilized to describe stories essentially fanciful stories fundamentally for the capacity of teaching individuals. This was the main structure wherein individuals everything being equal and sexual orientations could share their learning. This move structure was spread far and wide through abhinayawhich meaning ‘a conveying to the spectators’. This type of move contained different components:(Massey, 1999) Kathak Abhinaya Supposition and Mood Unadulterated Dance Sensational Element Vachik: verse, melody, recitation, music and cadence Aharya: outfit, make-up, gems Satvik: physical sign of mental and passionate states Angik: motions of the body Nritya Nritta Natya Standing Politics The Hindu standing gap that Kathak attempted to break up in the long run took another type of masteries. The Brahmins considered this to be as lost their matchless quality and force; consequently they acquired another point to the equivalent. As indicated by the Brahmins since move was only another type of adoring god they had the incomparable state in these issues. The social humanities of Kathak artists in history is along these lines exceptionally intriguing as it got likened to the consecrated standing and even the kathak masters in the northern belt of india spoke to the Brahmin status.(Booth, 2005) The Brahmins not just isolated this type of move from its center reason for restricting individuals across different ranks yet in addition hit the sexual orientation edge by getting the idea of devdasi . These were ladies who were committed to move and sing just for god. These ladies were neither permitted to wed, nor have any type of physical connections. Along these lines the force match was dominated by the Brahmins by playing their cards of position and sexual orientation legislative issues. Sexual orientation Politics Customarily Kathak was intended to be a stage open to all. It defamiliarises the common sexual and social experience of ladies and men as individuals. Indian folklore likewise uncovers different stories representing sex vagueness, bisexuality, sex changes, male pregnancy, and erotica through a portion of the allegorical talks identified with divine beings, goddesses, superb fairies, and devils, just as sages, religious zealots and yogis. There have been endless instances of rising above sexual orientation in kathak. Men dressed like ladies and performed. The idea of sexual orientation in the Natya Veda is exceptionally mind boggling. It accepts that sex is past our physical being, it is associated with our spirit and spirits yearn for the acknowledgment moksha which must be accomplished when one can get liberated from the shackles of real presence. According to the Tantric way of thinking the Supreme Being is conceptualized as one complex sex, includes both male and female (on the privilege and left side individually). So as to achieve salvation one must have the option to rise above these shackles of one’s sex.(Shah, 1998) Even in the Pre-Vedic writing Shiva is known as ardhanarishwara, which means containing the polarities of both male and female power as Shiva-Shakti. Move is a significant methods by which social philosophies of sexual orientation contrast are recreated. Through development jargon, costuming, self-perception, preparing, and method, talks of move are frequently established in thoughts of normal sexual orientation contrast However as time passed Kathak likewise went under the domain of the political round of sex and it’s got named with the tag of being a move structure just for the females. Indeed, even the narratives described through kathak like the tales of master Krishna have adjusted. Prior it was accepted that Radha was Krihna’shladini Shakti and not quite the same as him, subsequently the move was acted in a semi-roundabout way where a similar artist played the jobs of both Krishna and Radha. Notwithstanding, presently these jobs are performed by various actors.(Chatterjee, 1996) CHANGING DIMENSIONS OF WOMEN The introduction of Kathak occurred with the Benarasgharana of kathak which was then managed by the Rajputs. This move structure at that point made a trip to Jaipur setting up the Jaipur gharana of kathak. Despite the fact that both these structures were exceptionally commanded by females they despite everything had an extraordinary regard as far as a craft of recounting accounts of god and teaching others on the forces of truth , exemplary nature and so forth. Anyway when the Mughal’s attacking our nation and the marriage of JodhaBai and Akbar occurred two refined combined. The Mughals got artists from Persia and caught ladies structure india and got them prepared in kathak. It’s from this time onwards that Kathak got named as the mistresses move what we today call as tawa’if or prostitutes.(Massey, 1999) The outfits changed and the new gharana of Kathak was conceived which is today the most well known one †Luckhnowgharana. The dressed transformed from the ghaghra (like a long skirt) to chudidar. The dresses were more tight at the bust and introduced the ladies as an explicitly attractive item. A great deal of progress occurred in the essential hand developments and introduction if the move and a move that used to recount to the romantic tale of Krishna and Radha at one time turned into a move structure with developments intended to lure men. In the entire force battle and station governmental issues it was the ladies who endured the most and were vigorously abused. DURING THE COLONIAL INDIA During the British pilgrim rule move turned into an instrument of insubordination and political obstruction. It exhibited solidarity and force. The moving women’s position changed from ‘pure and pious’ to ‘fallen and sinful’ and thus either casualties or perpetuators of the underhandedness of move. Ladies were urged to show their magnificence, vitality, aptitude, erotic nature and temptation in move. In this manner for the dread of sparing there young ladies from the being looked on as an object of want move turned into a forbidden action for citizenry particularly the upper rank. This outlook exists even today, as we don’t see numerous young ladies from the privileged of society taking up moving. Anyway these outlooks are evolving gradually.(Reed, 1998) Master and SHISHYA According to Natyashashtra an acharya or educator ought to have an inherent information on vocal and instrumental music, move, mood and development. He should additionally have creative mind, knowledge, imaginative staff, memory, sharpness and ability to shape the instructed. The shishyas, or the educated, then again ought to be clever, retentive, thankful, dedicated, eager and must want to exceed expectations. This type of educating has been proceeded after some time anyway the embodiment of the connection has got lost with the loss of the unadulterated and devout status of move. Social SYMBOL Today Kathak has been ascribed with different new implications on the worldwide stage like * Traditional legacy of India * Carrier of Indian culture * Indianness * Recounting the huge past Today kathak has become a social ware that gets sold in type of a couple of move shows and exhibitions anyway it has lost its unique reason and ethos(Royo, 2004) KATHAK AND MOVIES Kathak has consistently been utilized as a significant instrument in film. In 1955 exemplary, JhanakJhanakpayalBaje by V. Shantaram the film’s legend, Ghirdar vies for imaginative matchless quality in Kathak move against another artist Ram Prasad. Ghirdar’s triumph is guaranteed during the last arrangement of cadenced methodical turns or chakkras which he performs carefully, anyway his rival is left all lightheaded. Ghirdhar here is from Varanasi, the origin of kathak and a definitive hindu city and his adversary is from Agra the Mughal capital which is related with t

Are There Grants with No Strings

Are There Grants without any Strings One of the most widely recognized inquiries that FundsforWriters gets is the place would someone be able to discover an award to independently publish a book, 90% of the time their first book. No notice of class, where the writer lives, the motivation behind the book, or why anybody would need to store such a book, considerably less read it. They simply need the cash with no one posing inquiries and no surprises. There is no such award for that reason, anyplace. Much the same as each distributer distributes certain class, each operator inclines toward certain composition, and each magazine accentuations certain themes, awards have their specialty also. What's more, more often than not it has literally nothing to do with whether your pockets are vacant and you are needing cash. To apply and get an award, you need to comprehend the grantintimately. 1) Why does the award even exist? 2) What does the award supplier would like to achieve 3) What does the award supplier need as an end-result of giving out awards to candidates? 4) What do you need to demonstrate to the award supplier to show you are related spirits? 5) What are the passing necessities as far as your experience, residency, age, sex, nationality, budgetary status, distributing history, or plans for what's to come? Is it accurate to say that you are starting to see all the more obviously how awards are taken care of? An award supplier needs to make its own inheritance. It needs to be associated with having improved the world a spot. Your main responsibility is to demonstrate to them that There is no award for you to get a book distributed. You should have more amazing plans than that for your book as well as yourself. For no strings cash, consider crowdfunding at Kickstarter.com and Indiegogo.com. Presently . . . does that bode well?

Sociological Topics

Sociological TopicsThe most common issues that surface when it comes to sociology and the topics of sociology include the different aspects of social life. Sociology is the study of social aspects of life in different societies. It is the study of the similarities and differences in the way people view society and their relations with each other. The studies are also focused on the different methods and ways of dealing with problems such as conflict, crime, sex, violence, poverty, cultural heritage, education, attitude towards work, and nationalism.Sociological topics are also discussed when it comes to the study of the various issues of knowledge, culture, and behavior, and the patterns that will determine the changes that will be observed in society. It is also considered to be a global subject as it can be studied in different places and locations all over the world.Sociological topics include the issues that relate to sociology, politics, economics, public policy, and many more s ubjects that the general public may not be familiar with. While social science topics tend to be academic based in nature, sociological topics are focused on the relationships that exist between the different social groups and the perspectives that they share. Therefore, the topics of these subjects revolve around the conflicts that often occur between the various groups that exist within a particular society.Sociological topics include the different topics that concern sociological problems. This includes the focus on different issues that pertain to the different social groups that exist within a given society. Societal problems are a concern that is of great concern to sociologists as they consider the various factors that cause these problems.Sociological topics also include the difference that exists between the sociological perspectives of various groups. They can be focused on the overall characteristics of a group that is quite different from other groups. This allows for th e analysis of the differences that exist between people and how they interact with each other.Sociological perspectives also allow for an analysis of the factors that have led to these different differences. For example, if a society has a higher rate of crime than the groups that are lower in the number of crimes will show different relationships with the group that is involved in the crime rate. This allows for the identification of the specific reasons that contribute to the differences between the various groups in a society.The sociological issues that are being considered have to do with the different aspects of a society. The social aspects of a society can be found by examining the various issues that exist within the society. For example, the relationship that exists between the gender ratio of a society and its economic status will be noted by sociologists. Another example of an issue that can be studied is the connection between poverty and crime in a society.Sociological topics involve the relationships that exist between people. This includes the topics that involve the different social groups in a society. The different sociological topics that are examined by sociologists allow for the study of the different factors that affect different groups in a society.

The Most Popular Word Of Fuck - 1235 Words

Out of all the words that start with an F, fuck is the only word that is considered the â€Å"F word†. There are many origins of this word, some may appear to be true due to the way we use this word in context today,but don’t be fooled, quite a few origins of this word are actually false. Fuck has taken place of many words throughout the years, but this generation is breaking tradition. I think this word will be around for a long time and sooner or later it will be part of our daily vocabulary. A study on Facebook shows that within three days, the word fuck is used over 9.5 million times, and the numbers are growing more and more each day. (â€Å"The Most Popular Swear Words on Facebook†) The origin of fuck has been misunderstood for many years. One†¦show more content†¦Anytime the word fuck was used before the 15th century it was used to describe a type of hit or strike during a fight. (â€Å"Etymology of Fuck†) (â€Å"On the Origin of Fuck†) The word â€Å"swive† meant to have sexual intercouse back in the day, swive was the equivalent to fuck now-a-days. The word swive came from the Middle English, but isn’t used as consistently as it was back then. Then, â€Å"shag† came in place of swive in the 18th century and used mostly by the British. Fuck was first used in the Austin Powers film, many people boycotted the film and tried to get it banned from being played in theatres, but the complaints were not upheld and the movie continued to be made. (â€Å"The Definition of Shag†)(â€Å"A Fucking Short History of the F-Word†) There are many different meanings of the word fuck. The most commonly used definition of the word fuck is to ruin or damage† which is used as a verb. An example of the word fuck used in context would be â€Å"Oh fuck! I just stubbed my toe!† The second most commonly used definition is â€Å"to have sexual intercourse with someone† in which the word is also used as a verb but, on occasions, it can also be used as a noun. An example the sexual version of fuck used as a verb in a sentence is, â€Å"I would fuck Libby, if I wasn’t married to Martha.† Fuck can also be used as a noun, when used as a noun it is an act of sexual intercourse. An example of the noun version of the word fuck is, â€Å"Caroline and I had a fuck in my

How Being on the Streets and Racism Affects African...

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What Is The Interaction Between Solid And Lenient Law

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Essay Question About Symbolism In The Scarlet Letter Example For Students

Essay Question About Symbolism In The Scarlet Letter In The Scarlet Letter , Nathaniel Hawthorne presents this novel in a dramatic point of view, starting with the scene of the prison. Hester is displayed as an adulterous woman in a Puritan society, where sin is harshly accounted for. She is forced to wear her badge of shame throughout life along side her daughter Pearl, yet the irony of it all is that she becomes one of the most helpful, phenomenal, virtuous people in her society. Hawthorne uses symbols to convey his theme of the effects of sin. The forest symbolizes a harmonious place, where Hester and Mr. Dimmesdale can share freedom, to talk and reflect on their dramatic life changes. The forest is their gateway or getaway to solitude. It is a carefree place, where they are bohemians, remaining aloof from society and can carouse through the forest and be candid with one another. The forest as a symbol helps to develop the story more accurately. Hawthorne conveys this symbol, in order to pertain to his sense of drama throughout the characters lives. Symbols are an important literary element, that Hawthorne takes advantage of by showing, depth, depression, freedom to confess sin and other inhibitions. In the forest, a quiet, private and most recluse place, Hester and Mr. Dimmesdale relax near a babbling brook, with the green moss comforting them. Mr. Dimmesdale now finds this is the place to be straightforward with Hester and make their plans for their get away. The forest holds the secrets that Hester and Mr. Dimmesdale share. This place is the only freedom they have to really talk, without having to worry of townspeople associating themselves together. The forest is a place of mystery and mystique. The sister of governor Bellingham, (Mistress Hibbins), is seen as a witch, who often remains aloof from society as Hester has remained. The black man with the writings in his book, holds the names, written in blood, of the people he meets amongst the trees is a mystery himself. Pearl is quite the contrary evil hers elf. When Hester feels free and takes down her hair and finally discards the letter into the brook, Pearl is frantic at the sight of the missing letter. Hester feels free at times, but Pearl binds her to the letter and she can never escape from it. Only certain times, when Hester is alone with Mr. Dimmesdale can she feel alive and situated in ease. The forest holds these stipulations. In closing, Hawthorne leaves the novel open to his abundant use of symbolism. The forest a symbol, and the most patent place to ponder, together with a believable plot, convincing characterization, and important literary devices enables Nathaniel Hawthorne in The Scarlet Letter to the develop the theme of the effects of sin.

What Is More Important the Grade or the Lesson Learned Essay Example

What Is More Important the Grade or the Lesson Learned? Essay What Is more important, the grade or the lesson learned? Most students go to class to make a good grade, so that when It comes on their report card It looks great. Others want the good grade because It Is what their parents want. However all of these reasons that I have and not listed are all wrong. Reason enough for this Is that your are not getting anything from It, nothing, Nadia, zilch. The main reason why we go to school Is not to get a good grade for the report card or make our parents proud but It Is to learn something. We go to school five days a week to retain something that will not only help you now but also for the future. I love getting good grades but only because I earned them, that I learned and retained something from that class. I took chemistry last year during my junior year and the grade that got from Mr.. Males class was an A. I was happy with the grade but there seemed to be something missing that I could not put my finger on. I then realized that I felt no satisfaction with the grade I had. Some of my friends said that I should be happy because they had worse grades but I felt that it was not enough, hat there was something missing. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is More Important the Grade or the Lesson Learned? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What Is More Important the Grade or the Lesson Learned? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What Is More Important the Grade or the Lesson Learned? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I finally realized that I never learned anything in chemistry at all. All I did was go to class, do the assignment so I could get the grade and get it over with. I blamed it on Mr.. Male for being so lacking but it was as much my fault as my teachers. It was then that I decided to retake chemistry this year and this time I wanted to do it the right. Right now I am the only senior in my chemistry class but you know what, I do not care because I know I made the right choice and I am proud of it. One of my teachers asked me why I would want to retake a class that ill never affect my GAP even if I fail. I told her that even if I have a good grade it will not help me in college, what is the use of a good grade when you do not even know how to read the period table, solve chemical equations and understand why certain things react the way they do. Exactly, learning is more Important than the good grade because learning something useful will yield more rewards than that good grade. A lot of students, including me, who take SAT score really low and I believe that one of the main reason for this Is because most of the students never really learned anything from the lower levels. They may have done really good and got a good grade to prove It but when these basic things are tested In the Stats, well their scores speak for everything. The most Important thing that you are there to do In class Is to learn and that should be everyones goal. Do not do It for your parents, or anyone else do It for yourself, do It to make you proud. I believe that It Is better to receive a bad grade but you learned something then just getting a good grade without learning anything at all It Is Just a waste AT your time, your teachers time Ana your parents money.

Alone Together Professor Ramos Blog

Alone Together Have you ever felt alone, even for just a split second? If you ever read any of Sandra Cisneros’ work, you can constantly see the theme of loneliness throughout many of her short stories. Perhaps this theme stems from her life of always being alone. During an interview with Pilar E. Aranda Rodriguez for The Americas Review, Mr. Rodriguez asked Cisneros why she has never married. Cisneros replies, â€Å"Ive never seen a marriage that is as happy as my living alone. My writing is my child and I dont want anything to come between us† (Rodriguez). She seems very comfortable with being alone, yet in the stories she portrays how loneliness is actually supposed to feel like. In the stories â€Å"There is a Man, There is a Woman,† â€Å"Woman Hollering Creek,† and â€Å"Never Marry a Mexican,† one can see how they are all connected through the theme of loneliness, but each character hides their feelings with their actions. The way loneliness is portrayed in the short story â€Å"There is a man, There is a woman† can be expressed through the characters’ everyday life. The man and the woman’s friends cannot see how they truly feel and how hurt they are. For example, when the man and the woman drink with their friends on Friday’s, they drink hoping they would say something but never say it (Cisneros). Maybe they are trying to express how lonely they feel, yet they can never open up to close friends. Its hard to believe how people could be doing the same thing right at the same moment, in the same place but they will most likely never meet. Although the man and woman share the same actions whenever there doing something, it seems very cruel that they will never know about each other. The theme of this story revolves around the idea that being alone doesnt always mean that you are really alone because someone out there can be feeling the same thing you are feeling. In other words , your connected through the sense of loneliness.   In the story titled â€Å"Woman Hollering Creek,† loneliness is hidden through the violence of Cleofà ­las marriage. Being alone seems to be growing upon the main character, Cleofà ­las, as the story goes on. In the beginning of â€Å"Woman Hollering Creek,† it is as if Cleofà ­las is living that great way of life as all other great marriages. She was getting married, having a child, moving to another country, and everything seems to be going well. That is until her husband started to beat her. When he first hits her, she thought that the next time he did, she would do something about it. Yet, she never had it in her to defend herself. Then every time she gets hit, she progressively feels lonely as if her happiness was just what you feel in the start of the marriage. Than her true emotions begin to overwhelm her. Even after having one child and being pregnant with another, Cleofà ­las can feel less and less close to the man she married as if he just a fake lover. Al one with her kids she would push herself to do the unthinkable and would finally leave her husband. In spite of Cleofà ­las’ feeling of happiness and gratitude toward her children, she cannot hide how truly lonely she has become through her marriage. It’s clear how this story also shares the theme of loneliness, but is hidden with the characters actions.   Finally, the last story that takes part in the theme of loneliness is â€Å"Never Marry a Mexican.† This is a complicated story that is nevertheless a sad or appalling one, depending on your point of view. The writing is basically about a woman named Clemencia who enjoyed sleeping with married men. Although you could argue that she picked this up from her mother since the mother cheated on her dying husband when Clemencia was young, yet Clemencia is still an adult and has the option to say â€Å"no† to every situation. You can also argue that she was targeted by married men, but could have rejected them. Perhaps she feels like she needs to make bad decisions in order to feel less alone. Her first affair occurred while she was in college with a Professor who was married. Clemencia would grow to love this Professor but she knew that she would never truly be happy with him because as a young child, she saw from her mom that there was no such thing as true love. So, after d enying the Professor of his offer to leave his wife for her, she would later regret her decision and try to fix her mistake but it was already too late because the Professor would never see her the same way again. Clemencia would then want revenge so she waited years to sleep with the Professors son. Throughout the whole story, Clemencia constantly enjoys her way of her life yet, she’s also trying to find love but was not able to. Even at the end of the story she said â€Å"I just want to reach out and stroke someone, and say There, there it’s all right, honey. There, there, there† (Cisneros). Clearly, she wanted to be with some but was truly alone. As if her purpose was just to create holes in marriages because she had no way of actually dealing with being lonely. As you can see, loneliness is a significant theme in this story but Clemencia covers this feeling up with her terrible deeds.   Being alone can be a very brutal thing. It is as if you were born just to be born and to never know a person that is close to you, without you even knowing. In other words, you feel like you have no purpose but there is someone out there that feels exactly the same way, you just might never meet because of the path you are in. You could say that its fate or just bad luck. In the end you still feel that empty spot in which someone is going to fulfill one day, but has not fulfilled yet. The thought of never understanding why you still feel lonely builds more and more whenever you think of your state of being alone. Almost as if the wound that was created by your past actions makes you more careless yet, scares you at the same time. That unwanted thought of being alone fills your mind and changes the way you look at life. In the stories â€Å"There is a Man, There is a Woman,† â€Å"Woman Hollering Creek,† and â€Å"Never Marry a Mexican,† each main character has a way of covering up their loneliness through their actions such as drinking with friends, pretending to think ones marriage will change, or sleeping with married men. Which concludes that loneliness plays a great deal on how people act in certain situations. Perhaps the only way of stopping this feeling of loneliness is through companionship, which each character is seeking. Bibliography Cisneros, Sandra. Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories. First Vintage Contemporaries Edition, March 1992, Kindle Cloud Reader, read.amazon.com. Rodrà ­guez Aranda, Pilar E. â€Å"On the Solitary Fate of Being Mexican, Female, Wicked and Thirty-Three: An Interview with Writer Sandra Cisneros.† The Americas Review, 1990, pp. 65–80.

Report to business manager on blogging benefits Assignment

Report to business manager on blogging benefits - Assignment Example See the eBook/textbook example (p. 467-468), albeit, note that the book reference source citations/URL’s are missing! The executive summary is written last. It summarizes the purpose of the report, the methods used to create your report, and highlights the salient findings of your report, including your recommendation. Blogs are next to internet since its conception in terms of the pervasiveness of its use. 11.2% of online adults posts blogs once a month and of that number, a quarter of them (24.8%) reads a blog and half of it (13.7%) reads a blog. Business are beginning to capitalize on this as Burson-Marsteller survey showed that there were already 15% among the Fortune 500 companies who are now using blogs either to communicate or market (Wallace). The current use of corporate blogs are not that effective however. Experts agree that the current use of business of blogs are rather drab, dry and boring which go directly either to selling its products or promoting themselves. Of those companies who uses blogs, only two thirds gets any comments because of poor content. If harnessed properly, blogs can be a formidable communication and marketing tool. One of its outright benefits is that it costs almost nothing to set it up and requires minimal manpower to maintain. Businesswise, it does not cost much to have a blog presence. Blogs are global in reach. Companies using blogs can easily communicate to its customers, potential or existing, new products and information across continents at a very minimal cost. It can also help develop loyalty with its customers through the communication that is facilitated by the blog. One of the most common disadvantages of having a blog is the lack of utter creativity to maintain its visitor’s attention. This is becoming common as most companies employing blogs were found to be dry, boring and unattractive.

Juvenile Delinquency Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Juvenile Delinquency - Assignment Example These experimentations usually lead them to engaging in at least one illegal demeanor like drinking or disobeying their parents. Some minors get caught and penalized for their illegal behavior while others remain unpunished. It leaves an impression as to what delinquent behaviors are punishable and forgivable? Sadly, its legal definition does not provide a clear distinction as to who are being caught and freed for engaging in illegal behavior. Response to Question #2: Different states have different age limits that help them determine whether an offender will be subjected to a juvenile court jurisdiction or to the jurisdiction of adult court. On average, once individuals reach the age of 18, they already are considered adults and therefore get tried in an adult court jurisdiction. The main concern here, however, is that it is difficult to quantify the level of maturity and cognitive capability of a person. Indeed, an individual can be 18 years old but it does not mean that he/she alr eady has the mental capacity and maturity of an adult. Another problem with using age as the fundamental determinant of adulthood is that it generalizes the social and psychological development of all youths. It fails to look at the differences of young individuals, specifically differences in their experiences, rate of development, and learning ability. Response to Question #3: The very system of juvenile justice varies in different states hence it is a great challenge to provide a description of it that would apply nationwide. The lack of uniformity in juvenile delinquency law in different states in America makes it difficult to standardized juvenile justice practices in the country. Consider that every state has different age definition of who can be considered juveniles. In addition, each state has its own way of handling or preventing certain juvenile behaviors because of people’s differences in their social, political, and economic circumstances. In some states, for ins tance, shoplifting is already a violation of the law and therefore merits a certain punishment. On the contrary, other states which are more tolerant about their juvenile delinquency law might have a different response to a person who commits the same offense. Moreover, although the law on juvenile delinquency is already in situ, local officers within juvenile justice still have their freedom to choose how to respond on a certain juvenile behavior. Response to Question #4: Since the subject of juvenile delinquency mainly concerns about the youths’ present life and future, the public throughout time fundamentally perceives it as an important social and political problem that needs to be looked closely and addressed. Most people believe that juvenile crime incidences are rapidly increasing and, therefore, need to be taken care of in tougher ways. Although the public’s perception is almost always unsupported, they are able influence juvenile justice in one way or another. Normally, the insights of the public about juvenile crime leads to a certain change in the way local governments respond to delinquency problem. Response to Question #5: Based on the UCR information provided in the text, juvenile

Decision Making and Investment Decisions Essay Example for Free

Decision Making and Investment Decisions Essay Chuck Jones aimed to have a new design decision process supported by data and surveys instead of a return or payoff on the investment approach. At first when he presented his idea, authorities requested poof and Mr. Jones was unable to show them proof. Then M. Jones started his process. 1.As a first step, he surveyed 15 design-centric companies, including BMW, Nike, and Nokia. To his surprise, few had a system for forecasting return on design 2. Mr. Jones needed to provide a new plan to focus on Customers preferences. 3.Good feedback from the public would equal possible future return on the investment that was requested by the research team. 4.Do not focus on Bottom-line returns 5.Puts Design prototypes in front of customer focus groups 6.Get detailed measurements of their preferences about Aesthetics, Craftsmanship, technical performance, ergonomics and usability 7.Chart the results against competing products and the company’s own product 8.This approach gives the Decision makers a base-line of objective evidence from which to make investment decisions Evaluation: The Duet washing machine, launched five years ago, was the first big win for the common platform approach. By redesigning an existing product, using the same underlying technology but with modifications to the appearance and user interface, the design team created a product that could be sold at three times the price of its predecessor and competitor products. Design investment decisions are now based on facts not opinion. The new decision making approach has transformed the company’s culture. It had led to bolder designs because the designers can now make a strong case for making those investments. By following this approach the company can do innovation in their products. The shift has enabled Whirlpools designers to make the business case for investments and give financial folks greater confidence to ante upresulting in bolder designs. What criteria does Whirlpool’s design team use in design decisions? What do you think each of these criteria involves? Whirlpool’s design team used their customer’s preferences as the basis of the company’s criteria. After significant considerable investigation of the, what Chuck discovered was that many of the organizations, including those the ones that operate on a global scale, many faced the same or similar situation as he did; they were all in need of a system that could forecast profitability based on design. They used a â€Å"metric-based approach† design, to capture â€Å"objective evidence† that would support and provide insight into future investment decisions for the company. Chuck and his design team â€Å"created a standardized company-wide process that puts s design prototypes in front of customer focus groups and then get detailed measurements of their preferences about aesthetics, craftsmanship, technical performance, ergonomics, and usability. This approach I think provided Whirlpool with a â€Å"baseline of objective evidence from which to make investment decisions† because with this innovative approach, the company could now make â€Å"design investment decisions† that are based on fact and not opinion

Existentialism :: essays research papers

Existentialism In our individual routines, each and every one of us strive to be the best that we are capable of being. How peculiar this is; we aim for similar goals, yet the methods we enact are unique. Just as no two people have the same fingerprint, no two have identical theories on how to live life. While some follow religious outlines to aspire to a level of moral excellence, others pursue different approaches. Toward the end of the Nineteenth-Century and on through the mid-Twentieth, a movement followed "existentialism," a philosophical theory of life, in order to achieve such a level. Even though the idea of existentialism is complex, certain themes are common amongst philosophers and authors: moral individualism, freedom of choice, responsibility, alienation. Fundamental to understanding existentialism is the conception of moral individualism. Existentialism rejects traditional ethical endeavors. Philosophers since the time of Aristotle, circa Third-Century B.C.E. (before the common era), have held that everyone should aim for a common peak of ethical achievement. Aristotle argued for the existence of a divine being, described as the "Prime Mover," who is responsible for the unity and purposefulness of nature. In order for humanity to attain such a climax, everyone must imitate The Almighty's perfect profile. Aristotle's basic philosophy deduces that humanity strives for an identical peak of moral excellence, as judged by a higher being (Aristotle). Existentialism declares that the individual must choose his way; there is no predetermination. Since the universe is meaningless and absurd, people must set their own ethical standards. The universe does not predetermine moral rules. Each person strives toward a unique moral perfection. The Nineteenth- Century Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard, who was the first writer to call himself e)existential, reacted against tradition by insisting that the highest good for the individual is to find his uniqueness. His journal reads, 'I must find a truth that is true for me ... the idea for which I can live or die" (Existentialism). Existentialists believe that morality depends on the individual, rather than a supreme being. Next to moral individualism, the inevitability of choice is the most prominent existentialist theory. Existentialism assert that people do not have a fixed nature, as other animals and plants do. Our choices determine who we are. The Twentieth-Century French philosopher Jean Paul Sartre proclaimed that the most Important choice is the choice of ourselves. Each character makes choices that create his nature. Existence suggests freedom where mankind is open to a future that is determined by choice and action. Choice is inescapable and central to human existence; the refusal to choose is a choice. Even when a

Pomi

Principles of Measurement (International) For Works of Construction JUNE 1979 Published by RICS Business Services Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, under the RICS Books imprint, Surveyor Court Westwood Business Park Coventry, CV4 8JE UK No responsibility for loss occasioned to any person acting or refraining from action as a result of any material included in this publication can be accepted by the authors, publisher or The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. The views expressed and the conclusions drawn in this book are those of the authors. ISBN 0 85406 108 8 First Edition 1979 Reprinted 1988, 1991, 1994, 2001, 2002 and 2004  © RICS 1988. Copyright in all or part of this publication rests with the RICS, and save by prior consent of the RICS, no part or parts of this publication shall be reproduced in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, now known or to be devised. Printed by Q3 Print, Loughborough Foreword The use of bills of quantities is a well-established means of enabling the financial control and management of building works. The key to the success of the use of bills of quantities is a clear understanding by all parties to the contract of what is included, or excluded, in the measurement. It is this that gives rise to the requirement for clearly defined standard methods of measurement. Since these principles of measurement were first issued in 1979, many countries have developed their own more detailed standard methods. A recent survey of its international membership carried out for the RICS Construction Faculty by the Building Cost Information Service (BCIS) identified that 14 of the 32 responding countries had their own method of measurement. However, the Principles of Measurement (International) (POMI) were still being used in about half of the countries and are still widely used on international contracts. There has been a trend in the UK and elsewhere to move away from measurement-based procurement, passing the responsibility for measuring the building work down the supply chain to the contractor or sub-contractor. However, research commissioned by the Construction Faculty showed that where bills of quantities were not provided as part of the procurement process, 95% of contractors would undertake their own measurement, with the majority of this carried out in accordance with the current Standard Method of Measurement (SMM). There is no doubt that the proliferation of procurement practices will continue. However, in circumstances in which there is a degree of design certainty before the contractor is appointed, measurement-based procurement will still be appropriate. Furthermore, where design decisions are being passed down the supply chain, measurement should be undertaken at the level at which the design is carried out, in order to remove the need for duplication. It is in the interests of the industry as a whole, including its clients, that measurement is carried out consistently. There is therefore a continued need for standard methods of measurement and, by implication, a continued need for measurement skills. These principles require a detailed specification and tender drawings to be provided. RICS recognises that circumstances vary from country to country, and from contract to contract, and that the principles therefore need to be flexible in order to accommodate variations in practice and techniques. Any comments on the principles should be sent to the RICS Construction Faculty, at 12 Great George Street, Parliament Square, London, SW1P 3AD. The principles are also available in French, German and Arabic. RICS is grateful to the original authors: Michael Rainbird, Alan Charter, James Diebel, Derek Lawrence and Michael Pagulatos. Simon Cash Chairman RICS Construction Faculty December 2003 Contents SECTION GP – GENERAL PRINCIPLES GP1 Principles of measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 GP2 Bills of quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 GP3 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 GP4 Items to be fully inclusive GP5 Description of items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/2 GP6 Work to be executed by a specialist nominated by the employer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 GP7 Goods, materials or services to be pr ovided by a merchant or tradesman nominated by the employer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 GP8 Work to be executed by a government or public authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 GP9 Dayworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/3 GPI0 Contingencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 SECTION A – GENERAL REQUIREMENTS A1 Conditions of contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 A2 Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 A3 Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 A4 Contractor's administrative arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 A5 Constructional plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 A6 Employer's facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 A7 Contractor's facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 A8 Temporary works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 A9 Sundry items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 SECTION B – SITE WORK B1 Site exploration generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 B2 Trial holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 B3 Boreholes (including pumping test wells) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 B4 Site preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 B5 Demolitions and alterations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 B6 Shoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 B7 Underpinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 B8 Earthworks generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 B9 Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 B10 Dredging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 B11 Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 B12 Filling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 B13 Piling generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 B14 Driven piling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 B15 Bored piling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 B16 Sheet piling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 B17 Performance designed piling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 B18 Testing piling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 B19 Underground drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 B20 Paving and surfacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 B21 Fencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 B22 Landscaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 B23 Railway work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 B24 Tunnel excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 B25 Tunnel linings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 B26 Tunnel support and stabilisat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 SECTION C – CONCRETE WORK C1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 C2 Poured concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 C3 Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 C4 Shuttering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 C5 Precast concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 C6 Prestressed concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 C7 Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10/11 SECTION D – MASONRY D1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 D2 Walls and piers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 D3 Sills, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 04 Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 D5 Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 SE:CTION E – METALWORK E1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 E2 Structural metalwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11/12 E3 Non structural metalwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 SECTION F – WOODWORK F1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 F2 Structural timbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 F3 Boarding and flooring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 F4 Grounds and battens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Finishings and fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12/13 Composlte items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Sundry items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Metalwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Ironmongery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 SECTION G – THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROTECTION G1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 G2 Coverings and linings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 G3 Damp-proof courses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 G4 Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 SECTION H – DOORS AND WINDOWS H1 Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 H2 Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 H3 Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 H4 Ironmongery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 H5 Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 H6 Patent glazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 SECTION J – FINISHES J1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 J2 Backgrounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 J3 Finishings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 J4 Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 J5 Suspended ceilings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 J6 Decorations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 J7 Signwriting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 SECTION K – ACCESSORIES K1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 K2 Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 SECTION L – EQUIPMENT L1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 SECTION M – FURNISHINGS M1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 M2 Curtain track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 SECTION N – SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION N1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 N2 Enclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 N3 Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 SECTION P – CONVEYING SYSTEMS P1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 P2 Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 P3 Work incidental to conveying systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 SECTION Q – MECHANICAL ENGINEERING INSTALLATIONS Q1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Q2 Pipework and gutterwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Q3 Ductwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Q4 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Q5 Automatic controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Q6 Connections to supply mains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Q7 Insulation, including linings and protective coverings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Q8 Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Q9 Work incidental to mechanical engineering installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 SECTI ON R – ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTALLATIONS R1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 R2 Main circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 R3 Sub-main circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 R4 Final sub-circuits and auxiliary installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 R5 Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 R6 Control gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 R7 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 R8 Connections to supply mains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 R9 Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 R10 Work incidental to electrical engineering installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 APPENDIX Amendments to principles of measurement †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 SECTION GP – GENERAL PRINCIPLES GP1 Principles of measurement GP1. 1 Principles of measurement These principles of measurement provide a uniform basis for measuring bills of quantities for works of construction. More detailed information than is required by this document may measurement be given to define the precise nature of work or the circumstances under which it is to be carried out. Amendments to these principles of measurement for use in a particular locality or adopted for work not envisaged by this document shall be stated; an appendix is provided for such amendments to be recorded. These principles of measurement may be applied equally to the measurement of proposed works and of completed works. Bills of quantities The objects of bills of quantities are: 1. To assist in the accurate preparation of tenders, by providing for measurement of quantities on a uniform basis 2. To provide a basis for the financial control of a project, in accordance with the conditions of contract. Bills of quantities shall describe and represent the works to be carried out; work which cannot be measured accurately shall be described as approximate or given in bills of approximate quantities. Conditions of contract, drawings and specifications shall be provided with the bills of quantities. The section headings and classifications do not impose restrictions upon the format and presentation of bills of quantities. Measurement Work shall be measured net as fixed in position and each measurement shall be taken to the nearest 10 millimetres; this principle shall not apply to dimensions stated in descriptions. Unless otherwise stated, no deduction shall be made from items required to be measured by area for voids of less than 1. 00 m2. Minimum deductions of voids shall refer only to voids within the edges of measured areas; voids which are at the edges of measured areas shall always be deducted, irrespective of size. These principles of measurement may be used with other units of measurement but the particular amendments shall be stated. Notwithstanding these principles of measurement, a separate minor building or structure may be enumerated. Items to be fully inclusive Unless otherwise stated, all items shall be fully inclusive of all that is necessary to fulfill the Items to be fully liabilities and obligations arising out of the contract and shall include: 1. Labour and all associated costs 2. Materials, goods and all associated costs 3. Provision of plant 4. Temporary works 5. Establishment charges, overheads and profit. Description of items Items which are required to be enumerated. or for which an item is required, shall be fully described. Items which are to be measured by length or depth shall state the cross-sectional size and shape, girth or ranges of girths or such other information as may be appropriate; for items of pipework it shall be stated whether the diameter is internal or external. Items which are to be measured bv area shall state the thickness or such other information as may be appropriate. Items which are to be measured by weight shall state the material thickness and unit weight if appropriate (for example, ductwork). GP1. 2 GP1. 3 GP2 Bills of quantities GP2. 1 GP2. 2 GP2. 3 GP2. 4 GP3 Measurement GP3. 1 GP3. 2 GP3. 3 GP3. 4 GP3. 5 GP4 Items to be fully inclusive GP4. 1 GP5 Description of items GP5. 1 GP5. 2 GP5. 3 GP5. 4 1 GP5. 5 Notwithstanding these principles of measurement, proprietary items may be measured in a manner appropriate to the manufacturer's tariff or customary practice. The description of items in bills of quantities may refer to other documents or drawings and any reference to such information shall be understood to fulfill any requirement of these principles of measurement; alternatively, reference may be made to published information. Work to be executed by a specialist nominated by the employer Unless otherwise required by the conditions of contract, work which is required to be executed by a specialist nominated by the employer shall be given as a sum; such sum shall be exclusive of contractor's profit and in each case an item shall be given for the addition of profit. An item shall be given in each case for assistance by the contractor, which shall include: 1. Use of contractor's administrative arrangements 2. Use of constructional plant 3. Use of contractor's facilities 4. Use of temporary works 5. Space for specialist's offices and stores 6. Clearing away rubbish 7. Scaffolding required by the specialist, giving particulars 8. Unloading, distributing, hoisting and placing in position items of plant, machinery or the like, giving particulars. Goods, materials or services to be provided by a merchant or tradesman nominated by the employer Unless otherwise required by the conditions of contract, goods, materials or services which are required to be provided by a merchant or tradesman nominated by the employer shall be given as a sum; such sum shall be exclusive of contractor's profit and in each case an item shall be given for the addition of profit. Fixing goods and materials shall be given in accordance with the relevant clauses in these principles of measurement; fixing shall be understood to include unloading, storing, distributing and hoisting the, goods and materials. Particulars shall be given of any requirements for the contractor to arrange for delivery or pay any costs of conveying goods or materials. Work to be executed by a government or public authority Unless otherwise required by the conditions of contract, work which may only be carried out or by a government or public authority shall be given as a sum; such sum shall be exclusive of contractor's profit and in each case an item shall be given for the addition of profit. An item shall be given in each case for assistance by the contractor as described in clause GP6. . Dayworks The cost of labour in dayworks shall be given as a sum; alternatively, a schedule of the different categories of labour may be given containing a provisional quantity of hours for each category. The cost of labour included in a sum or schedule shall include wages, bonuses and all allowances paid to operatives directly engaged on dayworks (including those operating mechanical plant and transport) in accordance with t he appropriate employment agreement or, where no such agreement exists, the actual payments made to the work people concerned. The cost of materials in dayworks shall be given as a sum; alternatively, 3 schedule may be given containing a provisional quantity of different materials. The cost of materials included in a sum or schedule shall be the net invoiced price, including delivery to site. The cost of constructional plant employed exclusively in dayworks shall be given as a sum; alternatively, a schedule of the different categories of plant may be given containing a provisional quantity of hours, or such other period of time as may be appropriate, for each category. The cost of constructional plant included in a sum or schedule shall include fuel, consumable stores, repairs, maintenance and insurance of plant. An item shall be given for the addition of establishment charges. overheads and profit to each of the sums or schedules of labour, materials or plant. Description of items (continued) GPS. 6 GP6 GP6. 1 Work to be executed by a specialist nominated by the employer GP6. 2 GP7 GP7. 1 GP7. 2 Goods, materials or services to be provided by a merchant or tradesman nominated by the employer GP8 GP8. 1 Work to be executed by a government or public authority GP8. 2 GP9 GP9. 1 Dayworks GP9. 2 GP9. 3 GP9. 4 GP9. 5 GP9. 6 GP9. 7 2 Dayworks (continued) GP9. 8 Establishment charges, overheads and profit shall include: 1. Costs related to the employment of labour 2. Costs related to the storage of materials, including handling and waste in storage 3. Contractor's administrative arrangements 4. Constructional plant, except plant employed exclusively on dayworks 5. Contractor's facilities 6. Temporary works 7. Sundry items. Contingencies GP10 GP 10. 1 Unless otherwise required by the conditions of contract, contingencies shall be given as a sum; no item shall be given for the addition of profit. SECTION A – GENERAL REQUIREMENTS A1 Conditions of contract A1. 1 A1. 2 Conditions of contract A schedule of the clause headings shall be set out in the bills of quantities. Where there is an appendix to the conditions of contract requiring insertions to be made, a schedule of the insertions shall be set out in the bills of quantities. Specification Where the specification contains clauses related to any of the following General Requirements, the bills of quantities shall make reference to the appropriate clauses. Restrictions Particulars shall be given of any restrictions, which shall include: 1. Access to and possession or use of the site 2. Limitations of working space 3. Limitations of working hours 4. The maintenance of existing services on, under or over the site 5. The execution or completion of the work in any specific order, sections or phases 6. Items of a like nature. Contractor's administrative arrangements An item shall be given for contractor's administrative arrangements, which shall include: 1. Site administration 2. Supervision 3. Security 4. Safety, health and welfare of workpeople 5. Transport of workpeople. Constructional plant An item shall be given for constructional plant, which shall include: 1. Small plant and tools 2. Scaffolding 3. Cranes and lifting plant 4. Site transport 5. Plant required for specific trades. Employer's facilities Particulars shall be given of any facilities required for the employer or the employer's representatives, which shall include: 1. Temporary accommodation (for example, offices, laboratories, living accommodation), including heating, cooling, lighting, furnishing, attendance or related facilities 2. Telephones, including costs of calls; alternatively, the cost of calls may be given as a sum 3. Vehicles 4. Attendance of staff (for example, drivers, laboratory assistants) 5. Equipment (for example, surveyor laboratory equipment) 6. Special requirements for programmes or progress charts 7. Any other facilities (for example, progress photographs, signboards). A2 Specification A2. 1 A3 Restrictions A3. 1 A4 Contractor's administrative arrangements A4. l A5 Constructional plant A5. 1 A6 Employer's facilities A6. 1 3 A7 A 7. 1 Contractor's facilities An item shall be given for facilities required by the contractor, which shall include: 1. Accommodation and buildings, including offices, laboratories, compounds, stores, messrooms and living accommodation 2. Temporary fencing, including hoardings, screens, roofs and guardrails 3. Temporary roads, including hardstandings and crossings 4. Water for the works; particulars shall be given if water will be supplied to the contractor 5. Lighting and power for the works; particulars shall be given if current will be supplied to the contractor 6. Temporary telephones. Particulars shall be given where the nature or extent of the facilities is not at the discretion of the contractor. Temporary works An item shall be given for temporary works, which shall include: 1. Traffic diversion 2. Access roads 3. Bridges 4. Cofferdams 5. Pumping 6. De-watering 7. Compressed air for tunnelling. Particulars shall be given where the nature r extent of the temporary works is not at the discretion of the contractor. Sundry items An item shall be given for sundry items, which shall include: 1. Testing of materials 2. Testing of the works 3. Protecting the works from inclement weather 4. Removing rubbish, protective casings and coverings and cleaning the works at completion 5. Traffic re gulations 6. Maintenance of public and private roads ‘ 7. Drying the works 8. Control of noise and pollution 9. All statutory obligations Particulars shall be given where the nature or extent of the sundry items is not at the discretion of the contractor. Sundry items Temporary works Contractor's facilities A7. 2 A8 A8. 1 A8. 2 A9 A9. 1 A9. 2 SECTION B – SITE WORK B1 B1. 1 B1. 2 B1. 3 B2 B2. 1 Site exploration generally Keeping records of site observations, site tests and laboratory tests shall be given as an item. Samples, site observations, site tests, a oratory tests an analyses shall be given as an item, Providing reports shall be given as an item. Trial holes Excavating trial holes shall be measured by depth, taken along the centre line, stating the number and the maximum depth below commencing level. Earthwork support which is not at the discretion of the contractor shall be measured by depth. Boreholes (including pumping test wells) Driving boreholes shall be measured by depth, taken along the centre line, stating the number and the maximum depth below commencing level; raking boreholes shall be so described. Lining which is not at the discretion of the contractor shall be measured by depth. Cap pings shall be enumerated. Boreholes (including pumping test wells) Trial holes Site exploration generally B2. 2 B3 B3. 1 B3. 2 B3. 3 4 B4 Site preparation B4. 1 B4. 2 B4. 3 Site preparation Removing isolated trees shall be enumerated. Removing hedges shall be measured by length. Site clearance, which shall include removing vegetation, undergrowth, bushes, hedges, trees or the like, shall be measured by area. Demolitions and alterations The location of each item shall be given. Unless otherwise stated, old materials shall be understood to become the property of the contractor and shall be cleared away; old materials required to remain the property of the employer shall be so described. Removing individual fittings, fixtures, engineering installations or the like from an existing structure shall each be given as an item. Demolishing individual structures (or part thereof) shall each be given as an item; alternatively, demolishing all structures on a site may be given as an item. Cutting openings in existing structures and alterations to existing structures shall each be given as an item; making good all work damaged shall be understood to be included. Temporary screens and roofs shall be given as an item. Shoring Shoring incidental to demolitions and alterations, together with clearing away and making good all work damaged, shall be understood to be included. Shoring (other than that incidental to demolitions and alterations) shall be given as an item, stating the location; clearing away and making good all work damaged shall be understood to be included. Particulars shall be given where the design of the shoring is not at the discretion of the contractor. Shoring which is required by the specification to be left in position shall be so described. Underpinning Work in underpinning shall be given under an appropriate heading, stating the location. Unless otherwise stated, work shall be measured in accordance with the appropriate sections of this document. Temporary support shall be given as an item; particulars shall be given where the design of the temporary support is not at the discretion of the contractor. Excavation shall be measured by volume, taken to the outside line of the projecting foundations or to the outside line of the new foundations (whichever is the greater), classified as follows: 1. Excavation in preliminary trenches down to the base of the existing foundations 2. Excavation below the base of the existing foundations. Cutting away projecting foundations shall be measured by length. Earthworks generally Any information available concerning the nature of the ground and strata shall be provided with the bills of quantities. The quantities for excavation, dredging or tunnelling shall be understood to be the bulk before excavation, and no allowance shall be made for any ‘orking space or subsequent variation in bulk; existing voids shall be deducted. Multiple handling of materials and transporting about the site shall be understood to be included; multiple handling which is required by the specification shall be so described in the item of disposal. Earthwork support shall be given as an item. Excavation in rock shall be so described; alternatively, it may be measured as extra over excavation (that is, B5 Demolitions and alterations B5. 1 B5. 2 B5. 3 B5. 4 B5. 5 B6 Shoring B6. 1 B6. 2 B6. 3 B6. 4 B7 Underpinning B7. 1 B7. 2 B7. 3 B7. 4 B7. 5 B8 Earthworks generally B8. 1 B8. 2 B8. 3 B8. 4 B8. 5 5 the volume of rock shall be measured bur no deduction shall be made from the volume of excavation in which the rock occurs). B8. 6 For the purposes of measurement rock is defined as any material met with which is of such size or position that. n the opinion of the employer's representative. It can only be removed by means of wedges, special plant or explosives. Excavation Unless otherwise stated, excavation shall be measured by volume as the void which is to be occupied by the permanent construction, or vertically above any part of the permanent construction, classified as follows: 1. Oversite excavation to remove top soil, stating the average depth 2. Excavation to reduce levels 3. Excavation in cuttings 4. Basement excavation 5. Trench excavation to receive foundations, which shall include pile caps and ground beams 6. Pit excavation to receive foundation bases, stating the number 7. Excavation for diaphragm walls, stating the width of the permanent construction and the type of support fluid. Excavation of trenches for service pipes, drain pipes, cables or the like shall each be measured by length, stating the average depth; disposal and filling shall be understood to be included. For excavation in tunnelling see clause B24. Dredging Dredging shall be measured by volume, stating the location and limits; unless otherwise stated, measurement shall be understood to be taken from soundings. Disposal Disposal of material arising from excavation, dredging or tunnelling shall be measured by volume as equal to the volume of excavation, dredging or tunnelling and each shall be classified as follows: 1. Backfilled into excavation 2. Backfilled in making up levels 3. Backfilled oversite to make up levels, giving details of special contouring, embankments or the like 4. Removed, which shall include providing a suitable tip. Filling Filling material (other than that arising from excavation, dredging or tunnelling) shall be measured by volume as equal to the void to be filled, classified as follows: 1. Filled into excavation 2. Filled in making up levels 3. Filled oversite to make up levels, giving details of special contouring, embankments or the like. Piling generally For the purposes of measurement, driven piling shall include timber, precast concrete or metal piles. Other piling systems (for example, preformed casing with concrete filling) shall be measured in accordance with the principles for driven piling or bored piling as may be appropriate. Unless otherwise stated, reinforcement shall be measured in accordance with Section C. Driven piling Supplying piles shall be measured by length, stating the number; reinforcement shall be given separately. Heads and shoes shall be enumerated. Driving piles shall be measured by length, taken from the pile point in contact with the ground when pitched to the pile point when driven, stating the number; driving piles on rake shall be so described. Cutting off tops of piles and connections for lengthening piles shall be enumerated. Earthworks generally (continued) B9 B9. 1 Excavation B9. 2 B9. 3 B10 B10. 1 Dredging B11 B11. 1 Disposal B12 B12. 1 Filling B13 B13. 1 B13. 2 Piling generally B13. 3 B14 B14. 1 B14. 2 B14. 3 Driven piling B14. 4 6 B15 Bored piling B15. 1 Bored piling Boring for piles shall be measured by length, taken from the formation level of the ground to the bottom of the pile hole, stating the number; the measurement shall include for blind boring when the pile top is to be below the formation level of the ground. Boring through rock shall be measured by length as extra over boring for piles (that is, the length of boring through rock shall be measured but no deduction shall be made from the total length of boring). Linings for piles shall be measured by length. Disposal of material arising from boring shall be measured in accordance with clause B11. Concrete filling shall be measured by volume. Cutting off tops of piles and forming enlarged bases shall be enumerated. Sheet piling The measurements for sheet piling shall be taken along the centre line. Supplying sheet piling shall be measured by area, taken as the area when in final position. Corner piles or the like shall be measured by length. Driving sheet piling shall be measured by area, taken from the formation level of the ground to the bottom edge of the sheet piling when driven; strutting and waling and withdrawing sheet piling shall be understood to be included. Cutting sheet piling shall be measured by length. Sheet piling which is required by the specification to be left in position shall be so described. Performance designed piling Performance designed piles shall be enumerated; reinforcement and disposal of material arising from boring shall be understood to be included. Details shall be given when the pile top is to be below the formation level of the ground. Testing piling Testing piling, which shall include trial piles and testing working piles, shall be given as an item. Underground drainage Drain pipes shall be measured by length, taken along the centre line over all fittings; drain pipes within inspection chambers or the like shall be so described and shall be understood to drainage include fixings and supports. Drain fittings in the length (for example, bends, junctions) shall be enumerated, grouped together for each size of pipe and described as ‘fittings'. Drain accessories (for example, gullies, traps) shall be enumerated; concrete surrounds and additional excavation shall be understood to be included. Concrete beds and coverings for drain pipes shall each be measured by length, stating the diameter of the pipe; surrounds to vertical pipes shall be so described and shall be understood to include formwork. Inspection chambers or the like shall be enumerated; alternatively, they may be measured in accordance ‘ith the relevant sections of this document and given under an appropriate heading. Connections to existing drains shall be enumerated, subject to clause GP8. Paving and surfacing Paving and surfacing shall be measured by area. Expansion joints and ‘ater stops shall be measured by length. B15. 2 B15. 3 B15. 4 B15. 5 B15. 6 B16 Sheet piling B16. 1 B16. 2 B16. 3 B16. 4 B16. 5 B16. 6 B17 B17. 1 B17. 2 B18 Testing piling B18. 1 B19 Underground drainage B19. 1 B19. 2 B19. 3 B19. 4 B19. 5 B19. 6 B20 Paving and surfacing B20. 1 B20. 2 7 B20. 3 B21 B21. 1 Channels, curbs, edgings or the like shall be measured by length; curved work shall be so described. Fencing Fencing, which shall include posts and supports in the length, shall be measured by length; excavating pits, disposal and filling shall be understood to be included. Special posts (for example, gate posts, straining posts) shall be enumerated; excavating pits, disposal and filling shall be understood to be included. Gates, barriers or the like shall be enumerated. Finishes shall be measured in accordance with Section J. Landscaping Cultivating and fertilising ground shall be measured by area. Soiling, seeding and turfing shall be measured by area. Hedges shall be measured by length. Trees and shrubs shall be enumerated. Railway work Track, guard rails and conductor rails shall each be measured by length, taken along the centre line over all fittings; curved work shall be so described. Sleepers and chairs shall be enumerated. Switches and crossings shall be enumerated, classified as follows: 1. Switches and turnouts 2. Diamond crossings 3. Single slip crossings 4. Double slip crossings 5. Other switches and crossings. Ballast shall be measured by volume, without deduction for track, classified as follows: 1. Bottom ballast, placed before the track is laid 2. Top ballast, placed after the track is laid. Concrete track foundations shall be measured by length, except that overwidth foundations for switches and crossings shall be measured by area; reinforcement and shuttering shall be understood to be included. Bitumen filler to complete rail assemblies shall be measured by length. Buffer stops, wheel stops or the like shall be enumerated. Signalling installations shall be measured in accordance with Section L or Section R. Tunnel excavation Excavation shall be measured by volume as the void which is to be occupied, including the volume of permanent linings, grouped as may be appropriate to identify different lengths and classified as follows: 1. Straight tunnels 2. Straight shafts 3. Curved tunnels 4. Curved shafts 5. Tapered tunnels 6. Tapered shafts 7. Other cavities, which shall include transitions, breakaways and intersections between shafts and tunnels. Forward probing shall be measured by length, stating the number of probes. For disposal see clause B11. Paving and surfacing (continued) Fencing B21. 2 B21. 3 B21. 4 B22 B22. 1 B22. 2 B22. 3 B22. 4 B23 B23. 1 Landscaping Railway work B23. 2 B23. 3 B23. 4 B23. 5 B23. 6 B23. 7 B23. 8 B24 B24. 1 Tunnel excavation B24. 2 B24. 3 8 B25 Tunnel linings B25. 1 Tunnel linings Poured concrete linings shall be measured by area, stating whether spray or cast concrete, classified as follows: 1. lining 2. Secondary lining. Preformed segmental tunnel linings shall be enumerated. Tunnel support and stabilisation Timber supports shall be measured by volume. Sprayed concrete supports and reinforcement shall be measured by area. Rock bolts shall be measured by length. Face packers shall be enumerated. Metal arch supports shall be measured by weight. Injection of grout materials shall be measured by weight. B25. 2 B26 Tunnel support and stabilisation B26. 1 B26. 2 B26. 3 B26. 4 B26. 5 B26. 6 SECTION C – CONCRETE WORK C1 Generally C1. 1 C1. 2 Generally Reinforced poured concrete and plain poured concrete shall each be so described. Poured concrete required by the specification to be placed, compacted, cured or otherwise treated in a particular manner shall be so described. No deduction shall be made for voids less than 1. 00 m3, nor for the volume of any reinforcement or structural metal enclosed in the concrete, except that voids caused by boxed or tubular structural metalwork shall always be deducted. Unless otherwise described, horizontal surfaces of concrete shall be understood to be tamped. Poured concrete Unless otherwise stated, poured concrete shall be measured by volume, classified as follows: 1. Foundations, which shall include combined or isolated bases 2. Pile caps, which shall include ground beams 3. Blinding 4. Beds, which shall include roads and footpaths, stating the thickness 5. Suspended slabs, which shall include floors, landings, roofs or the like, stating the thickness 6. Walls, which shall include attached columns, stating the thickness 7. Columns, which shall include casing to metal stancheons 8. Beams (measured below the slab), which shall include lintels and casing to metal beams 9. Staircases, which shall include steps and strings 10. Diaphragm walls 11. Other classifications (for example, tunnel linings, bridge abutments) as may be appropriate. Poured concrete suspended slabs of special construction, including floors, landings, roofs or the like, shall be measured by area; coffered and troughed slabs shall be so described, giving details of solid margins or the like. Where an item is required to be measured by volume and the thickness stated, then items of differing thickness may be grouped together, provided that the range of the different thicknesses is stated. Reinforcement The weight of bar reinforcement shall be the net weight without addition for rolling margin, supports, spacers or tying wire. Bar reinforcement shall be measured by weight, stating the diameter; bars of iffering diameters shall be given separately. Fabric reinforcement shall be measured by area, without addition for laps. C1. 3 C1. 4 C2 Poured concrete C2. 1 C2. 2 C2. 3 C3 Reinforcement C3. 1 C3. 2 C3. 3 9 C3. 4 C4 C4. 1 Reinforcement shall be given as an item where the detailed design work is the responsibility of the contractor. Shuttering Unless ot herwise stated, shuttering shall be measured by area, taken as the net area in contact with the finished face of concrete, classified as follows: 1. Soffits; shuttering to soffits of special construction shall be so described 2. Sloping soffits, which shall include soffits of staircases 3. Sloping upper surfaces, which shall include surfaces more than 15 ° from horizontal 4. Sides of foundations, which shall include bases, pile caps and ground beams 5. Sides of walls, which shall include attached columns 6. Returns to walls, which shall include ends, projections and reveals of openings or recesses 7. Sides and soffits of beams, which shall include lintels and breaks in soffits; isolated beams shall be so described 8. Sides and soffits of sloping beams, which shall include lintels and breaks in soffits; isolated beams shall be so described 9. Sides of columns 10. Staircases, which shall include treads, isers and strings but exclude soffits 11. Other classifications (for example, tunnel linings, bridges, bridge abutments) as may be appropriate. Shuttering to edges, which shall include face of curb or upstand or break in upper surface of floor, shall be measured by length; items of differing height may be grouped together, provided that the range of different heights is stated. Grooves, which shall include throats, rebates, chamfers or the like, 2500 mm2 sectional area or over shall be measured by length; grooves less than 2500 mm2 sectional area shall be understood to be included. Shuttering may be enumerated where it is more appropriate to do so (for example, decorative features). Shuttering which is required by the specification to be left in position shall be so described. Shuttering to curved, conical and spherical surfaces shall each be so described. Shuttering to provide a special finish shall be so described. Unless otherwise stated, if the volume of concrete has not been deducted, shuttering to the faces of a void shall be understood to be included. Precast concrete Moulds for precast units shall be understood to be included. Reinforcement shall be measured in accordance with clause C3 and given under an appropriate heading; alternatively, it may be described in the item. Floor slabs, partition slabs or the like shall be measured by area. .' Lintels, sills, duct covers or the like shall be measured by length; alternatively, duct covers may be measured by area. Structural units (for example, beams, stanchions, tunnel rings) shall be enumerated. Padstones, cappings or the like shall be enumerated. Prestressed concrete Prestressed concrete work shall be given under an appropriate heading. Prestressed concrete shall be measured by volume, classified in accordance with clause C2. Reinforcement shall be measured in accordance with clause C3; supporting steel wires or cables shall be measured by weight. Shuttering shall be measured in accordance with clause C4, stating whether to pre-tensioned or post-tensioned members. Sundries Surfaces finished to falls or cross-falls shall be measured by area. Reinforcement (continued) Shuttering C4. 2 C4. 3 C4. 4 C4. 5 C4. 6 C4. 7 C4. 8 C5 C5. 1 C5. 2 Precast concrete C5. 3 C5. 4 C5. 5 C5. 6 C6 C6. 1 C6. 2 C6. 3 Prestressed concrete C6. 4 C7 C7. 1 Sundries 0 Sundries (continued) C7. 2 C7. 3 C7. 4 C7. 5 Surface finishes shall be measured by area, except that tamped finishes shall be understood to be included. Expansion material or the like shall be measured by area. Designed joints, water stops, cast-in channels or the like shall be measured by length. Forming sinkings, channels or the like shall be measured by length and, where approp riate, the item may include additional excavation, hardcore, shuttering and concrete; alternatively, they may be enumerated. Fixings, ties, inserts or the like shall be enumerated; alternatively, they may be measured by area. Mortices, holes or the like shall be understood to be included. C7. 6 C7. 7 SECTION D – MASONRY D1 Generally D1. 1 D1. 2 D2 Walls and piers D2. 1 Generally Sloping, battering and curved work shall each be so described. Reinforced masonry shall be so described. Walls and piers Walls and piers shall be measured by area, classified as follows: 1. Walls; integral piers shall be measured as walls of combined pier and wall thickness 2. Walls built against other construction 3. Cavity walls measured as a composite item, including skins and cavity; alternatively, the skins and cavity may each be measured by area. Closing cavity walls at ends or around openings shall be understood to be included 4. Isolated piers. Faced or fair faced work shall each be so described; alternatively, it may be measured as extra over walls, stating whether faced or fair faced on one or both sides (that is, the area of faced or fair faced work shall be measured but no deduction shall be made from the area of walling on which the faced or fair faced work occurs). Sills, etc. Sills, copings, oversailing or receding courses or the like shall be measured by length. Arches shall be measured by length. Reinforcement Reinforcement shall be measured in accordance with clause C3; alternatively, fabric reinforcement may be measured by length. Sundries Concrete filling to cavities shall be measured by area. Expansion joints or the like shall be measured by length. Air bricks or the like shall be enumerated. D2. 2 D3 Sills, etc. D3. 1 D3. 2 D4 Reinforcement D4. 1 D5 Sundries D5. 1 D5. 2 D5. 3 SECTION E – METALWORK E1 Generally E1. 1 Generally The weight of metalwork shall be the net weight, without addition for rolling margin or welding material and without deduction for holes, splay cuts, notches or the like. Welded, riveted or bolted work shall each be so described. Structural metalwork Unless otherwise stated, structural metalwork shall be measured by weight, classified as follows: 1. Grillages 2. Beams 3. Stanchions E1. 2 E2 Structural metalwork E2. 1 11 4. 5. 6. 7. E2. 2 E2. 3 E2. 4 E2. 5 Portal frames, stating the number Roof trusses, stating the number Support steelwork, which shall include sheeting rails, braces, struts or the like Other classifications, as may be appropriate. Structural metalwork (continued) Fittings (for example, caps, brackets) shall be given as an item. Fixings (for example, bolts, distance pieces, rivets) shall be given as an item. Wedging and grouting bases or the like shall be enumerated. Holding down bolts or the like shall be enumerated; temporary boxes and grouting shall be understood to be included. Protective treatment shall be given as an item. Non-structural metalwork Floor plates, duct covers, sheet metal coverings and linings or the like shall be measured by area. Bearers, balustrades, handrails (except where included with a staircase), frames or the like shall be measured by length. Matwell frames, cat ladders, gates, staircases or the like shall be enumerated. Non-structural metalwork E2. 6 E3 E3. 1 E3. 2 E3. 3 SECTION F – WOODWORK F1 F1. 1 Generally Timber which is sawn (that is, not milled) and timber which is finished (that is, milled) shall each be so described. Descriptions of timber members shall state whether the sizes are basic (that is, before machining) or finished (that is, milled, within permitted deviations). Structural timbers Structural timbers shall be measured by length, classified as follows: 1. Floors and flat roofs 2. Pitched roofs 3. Walls 4. Kerbs, bearers or the like 5. Cleats, sprockets or the like. Strutting and bridging between joists shall be measured by length, taken overall the joists. Boarding and flooring Unless otherwise stated, boarding and flooring shall be measured by area, without addition for joints or laps, classified as follows: 1. Floors, which shall include landings 2. Walls, which shall include returns, reveals of openings or recesses and attached and unattached columns 3. Ceilings, which shall include attached and unattached beams and soffits of staircases 4. Roofs, which shall include tops and cheeks of dormers and sides and bottoms of gutters, stating whether flat, sloping or vertical; firring pieces and bearers shall be understood to be included. Eaves and verge boards, which shall include fascias, barge boards or the like, shall be measured by length. Fillets and rolls shall be measured by length. Grounds and battens Open-spaced grounds and battens shall be measured by area, taken overall. Individual grounds and battens shall be measured by length. Framework Framework shall be measured by area, taken overall; alternatively, it may be measured by length. Framework Grounds and battens Boarding and flooring Structural timbers Generally F1. 2 F2 F2. 1 F2. 2 F3 F3. 1 F3. 2 F3. 3 F4 F4. 1 F4. 2 F5 F5. 1 12 F6 Finishings and fittings F6. 1 Finishings and fittings Finishings shall be measured by length, classified as follows: 1. Cover fillets, which shall include architraves, skirtings or the like 2. Beads, which shall include stops or the like 3. Edgings, which shall include window boards, nosings or the like. Unless otherwise stated, fittings shall be measured by length, classified as follows: 1. Work tops, which shall include seats or the like 2. Handrails or balustrades. Shelving shall be measured by area; alternatively, it may be measured by length. Backboards or the like shall be enumerated. Built-up members shall be so described. Plastic coverings or the like shall be described with the item on which they occur, stating whether on one or more faces; alternatively, they may be measured separately by area. Sheet linings shall be measured by area, classified as follows: 1. Walls, which shall include returns, reveals of openings or recesses and attached and unattached columns 2. Ceilings, which shall include attached and unattached beams and soffits of staircases. Composite items Unless otherwise stated, composite items (which shall mean items which might be fabricated off-site whether or not they are fabricated off-site) shall be enumerated; all metal work or the like shall be understood to be included. Any associated work (for example, decorations) shall be measured in accordance with the relevant sections of this document. Sundry items Finished surfaces on sawn items shall be measured by length. Metalwork Metalwork items associated with woodwork shall be enumerated; alternatively, waterbars or the like may be measured by length. Ironmongery Units or sets of ironmongery shall be enumerated. F6. 2 F6. 3 F6. 4 F6. 5 F6. 6 F6. 7 F7 Composite items F7. 1 F7. 2 F8 Sundry items F8. 1 F9 Metalwork F9. 1 F10 Ironmongery F10. 1 SECTION G – THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROTECTION G1 Generally G1. 1 G1. 2 G2 Coverings and linings G2. l Generally Work shall be measured flat without addition for laps or seams. Curved, spherical and conical work shall each be so described. Coverings and linings Unless otherwise stated, roofing, tanking, waterproof coveri